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GENERAL HUMAN ANATOMY

GENERAL HUMAN ANATOMY. Biology 220 Professor Sharon Daniel. PERSPECTIVES. The Classification of Humans The Definition of Anatomy Structural Levels of Organization The Relationship of Structure to Function The Systems of the Human Body. CLASSIFICATION OF HUMANS. Classification Scheme

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GENERAL HUMAN ANATOMY

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  1. GENERAL HUMAN ANATOMY Biology 220 Professor Sharon Daniel

  2. PERSPECTIVES • The Classification of Humans • The Definition of Anatomy • Structural Levels of Organization • The Relationship of Structure to Function • The Systems of the Human Body

  3. CLASSIFICATION OF HUMANS • Classification Scheme • Kingdom: Animalia • Phylum: Chordata • Subphylum: Vertebrata • Class: Mammalia • Order: Primate • Family: Hominidae • Genus: Homo • Species: Sapiens • Scientific Binominal:Homo sapiens

  4. KINGDOM • 6 Recognized Kingdoms • Eubacteria • Archaebacteria • Protista • Fungi • Plantae • Animalia

  5. EUBACTERIA • Characteristics • Prokaryotes • Unicellular • Microscopic • Kinds • Decomposers • Parasites • Some Photosynthetic • Some recycle nitrogen

  6. ARCHAEBACTERIA • Characteristics • Prokaryotes • Unicellular • microscopic • Differ biochemically from Eubacteria • Kinds • Methanogens • Halophiles • Thermophiles

  7. PROTISTA • Characteristics • Eukaryotes • Mostly unicellular • Kinds • Protozoa, Algae and Slime Molds

  8. FUNGI • Characteristics • Eukaryotes • Heterotrophic • Absorb nutrients, do not photosynthesize • Kinds • Decomposers; some parasitic

  9. PLANTAE • Characteristics • Eukaryotes • Multicellular • Photosynthetic • Kinds • Primary producers; important source of oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere

  10. ANIMALIA Characteristics • Eukaryotes • Multicellular Organisms • Must eat other organisms for nourishment • High degree of tissue and body organization in complex animals • Motility • Complex Sense Organs • Nervous Systems • Muscular Systems

  11. PHYLA of the Animal Kingdom • Range • from Simple (Phylum Protozoa) • to complex (Phylum Chordata) • Phylogeny = the study of Phyla • Ontogeny = the study of individual development • Embryology = the study of prenatal development • Classification requires the study of all phases of the life cycle

  12. Phylum: Chordata • Characteristics • Dorsal hollow Nerve Cord • Notochord • Pharyngeal Pouches • Seen in all Chordates • In some, only present in the embryo • Must study embryology to properly classify

  13. Dorsal hollow Nerve Cord • See in human embryos • Lies dorsal to the Notochord • Develops into the Brain and Spinal Cord of adults

  14. Notochord • Flexible rod of tissue • Mid-dorsal • Position later occupied by the vertebral column • In adult, only remnants are inside intervertebral discs

  15. Pharyngeal Pouches • Envaginations of pharyngeal walls • Gill slits in fish • In human adults, become: • Eustachian tube • Middle ear cavity • Tympanic membrane

  16. Subphylum: Vertebrata • Characteristics • Animals with backbones • Forms a vertebral column • In most animals, largely replaces the notochord • Endoskeleton • Closed circulatory system • Paired kidneys that regulate fluid balance • Complete digestive system • Sexes typically separate

  17. Subphylum: Vertebrata • Other Characteristics • Bilateral Symmetry • An animal can be sectioned into right and left haves; one the mirror image of the other • Segmentation • Tube-within-a-tube body plan • Body Cavities

  18. Subphylum: Vertebrata • Other Characteristics • Bilateral Symmetry • Segmentation: • Tube-within-a-tube body plan • Body Cavities

  19. Subphylum: Vertebrata • Other Characteristics • Bilateral Symmetry • Segmentation • Tube-within-a-tube body plan: • Tube formed by digestive organs within the body • Body Cavities

  20. Subphylum: Vertebrata • Other Characteristics • Bilateral Symmetry • Segmentation • Tube-within-a-tube body plan • Body Cavities: • Closed to the external environment • Contain internal organs

  21. Body Cavities: Dorsal • Cranial Cavity • Houses the Brain • Vertebral Canal • Houses the Spinal Cord

  22. Body Cavities: Ventral(Lateral View) • Thoracic Cavity • Abdominopelvic Cavity (contains the “viscera”) • Abdominal Cavity • Pelvic Cavity • Lined by serous membranes

  23. Body Cavities: Thoracic(Anterior View) • Mediastinum: a potential space that contains the heart, great vessels, trachea, esophagus, etc • Plural Cavities: contain the lungs • Pericardial Cavity: contains the heart

  24. Serous Cavities • Ventral Body Cavity • Lined by a serous membrane, or Serosa • Parietal serosa: forms outer wall of cavity • Visceral serosa: covers the visceral organs • Serous fluid • Secreted by the membranes • Is slick; reduces friction

  25. Serous Pericardium • Around the Heart • Parietal Pericardium • Visceral Pericardium • Pericardial Cavity • Filled with serous fluid

  26. The Plural Cavities • Around the Lungs • Parietal Pleura: • lines walls of thoracic cavity • Visceral Pleura: • covers each lung

  27. The Peritoneal Cavity • Around some abdominopelvic organs • Contained within the abdominopelvic cavity • Parietal Peritoneum • Covers wall of abdominopelvic cavity • Visceral Peritoneum • Covers organs of the peritoneal cavity • Some organs are retroperitoneal

  28. Abdominal Divisions • Quadrants: 4 • Right Upper Quadrant • Right Lower Quadrant • Left Upper Quadrant • Left Lower Quadrant

  29. Abdominal Divisions • Regions: 9 • Rt Hypochondriac region • Rt Lumbar region • Rt Iliac (Inguinal) region • Epigastric region • Umbilical region • Hypogastric (Pubic) region • Lt Hypochondriac region • Lt Lumbar region • Lt Iliac (Inguinal) region

  30. Other Cavities • Oral cavity • Nasal cavity • Orbital cavities • Middle ear cavities • Synovial cavities

  31. Classes • Osteichthyes • Amphibia • Reptilia • Aves • Mammalia

  32. Class Osteichthyes • Characteristic • Bony fish • Marine and fresh water • Gills • Swim bladder • Cold-blooded • Generally oviparous

  33. Class Amphibia • Aquatic larva typically metamorposize into terrestrial adults • Gas exchange through lungs and/or moist skin • Heart consists of two atria and one ventricle • Systemic and pulmonary circulations

  34. Class Reptila • Tetrapods • Mainly terrestrial • Body covered with hard scales • Reproduction adapted for land (internal fertilization, leathery shell, amnion) • Lungs • Ventricles of the heart partially divided

  35. Class Aves • Tetrapods with feathers • Anterior limbs modified into wings • Compact, streamlined body • Lungs • Four-chambered heart • Completed separation of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood • Endotherms • Vocal calls and complex songs

  36. Class Mammalia • Characteristics • Hair • Mammary glands • Differentiation of teeth • Muscular diaphragm • Endotherms • Four-chambered heart with systemic and pulmonary circuits • Red blood cells without nuclei • Complex nervous system • Internal fertilization

  37. Order Primates • Five digits • Nails • Usually an opposable thumb • Cerebrum

  38. Family Hominidae • Large cerebrum • Highly developed eyesight • Terrestrial biped

  39. Genus Homo • Steep facial angle • Prominent nose • Prominent chin • Less prominent supraorbital ridges

  40. Species Sapiens • Largest Cerebrum • Increasing Brain Size • Increasing Skeletal size • Increasing tool use • Decreasing tooth size • Decreasing Skeletal robustness

  41. PERSPECTIVES • The Classification of Humans • The Definition of Anatomy • Structural Levels of Organization • The Relationship of Structure to Function • The Systems of the Human Body

  42. THE DEFINITION OF ANATOMY • Anatomy • Greek=to cut up, or dissect • The science that deals with the structure of the body • Kinds: • Gross Anatomy • Microscopic Anatomy • Developmental Anatomy • Comparative Anatomy

  43. Gross Anatomy • Definition: • That which can be seen with the naked eye • Kinds: • Regional: • body studied by area • Systematic: • body studied by system

  44. Microscopic Anatomy • Definition: • That which can be seen with the assisted eye • Kinds: • Cytology: • The study of cells • Histology: • The study of tissues • Organology: • The study of organs

  45. Developmental Anatomy • Definition: • The study of anatomical changes in a life cycle • Kinds: • Embryology: • The study of prenatal development • Postnatal development: • The study of structures after birth • Ontogeny: • Total development of an individual

  46. Comparative Anatomy • Definition: • Comparison of structures between organisms • Kinds: • Vertebrate: • Comparison of structures among the vertebrate classes • Phylogeny: • The study of phyla, and their relationships

  47. Physiology • The scientific discipline that studies the function of body structures. • Structure and function cannot be completely separated. • Form is related to function

  48. History of Anatomy • In Western Civilization: began around the Mediterranean Sea • Mesopotamia • The Greeks • Hippocrates (~400 B.C.): Father of Medicine • Aristotle (384-322 B.C.): structure and function • Alexandria in Egypt • First Medical School, cadaver dissection • Herophilus (300 B.C.): Father of Anatomy • Rome (after Alexandria fell) • Galen (A.D. 130-201): “the supreme authority”

  49. History • After the Fall of Rome (476 A.D.): the dark ages • Medical knowledge saved by Byzantium and the Islamic world • monasteries • 1200’s • Out of the dark ages • Medical schools in Solerno, Bologna Italy • 1400’s: Renaissance • Leonardo de Vinci (1452-1519) • Vesalius: the “Reformer of Anatomy” (1514-1564) • Based on cadaver dissection again; corrected Galen • The father of modern anatomy • The emergence of modern medicine

  50. Tashrih al-badan manuscript Ca 1400-1500 By Mansur ibn Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Yusuf ibn Faqih LLyas Persian Anatomist 50

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