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Chapter 2 Population and Health

Chapter 2 Population and Health. CLICK TO WATCH. Introducing Population and Health. The study of population is important for reasons: There are more people alive today than at any other time in history P opulation is increasing at a faster rate today than any other time

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Chapter 2 Population and Health

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  1. Chapter 2 Population and Health CLICK TO WATCH

  2. Introducing Population and Health The study of population is important for reasons: • There are more people alive today than at any other time in history • Population is increasing at a faster rate today than any other time • Most population growth is in Less Developed Countries (LDCs)

  3. So. Many. People.

  4. 7 Billion…One Billion per Region

  5. Can You Recognize and Identify Each Cluster?

  6. Change Your Perspective! Can you match the latitude and longitude to a real-life place on Earth?

  7. Cool Vocab! ecumene- portion of the earth occupied by permanent settlement

  8. The World At Night

  9. CLICK TO WATCH Ecumene Throughout History

  10. Where ISN’T the World’s Population Distributed? Human beings tend to avoid those parts of Earth’s surface that they consider to be too wet, too dry, too cold or too mountainous

  11. Push Factors • Dry Lands • 20% of the earth surface • includes the Sahara, Arabian, and Gobi deserts • Wet Lands • 50 inches of rain a year, high heat and poor soil • Includes Southeast Asia, South America • Cold Lands • North and South poles covered in permafrost • High lands • Steep snow covered, difficult to grow crops • Mexico is an exception… about 7,360 ft above sea level

  12. Thinking Like A Geographer Egypt has a arithmetic density of 80 people per square mile…BUT 95% of its people live along in the Nile River Valley. What questions would a geographer ask using this information and image?

  13. Physiological Density Crops grown on a hectare of land in Egypt must feed far more people than a hectare in the U.S. A bigger physiological density means there is more pressure on the land to produce food.

  14. Agricultural Density • MDCs have lower agricultural density than LDCs- access to technological and financial advantages allow more farmland to be worked by an individual. • Can also differ between countries based on the quantity of arable land. • Countries with higher levels of agricultural density may reach the limit of its production potential sooner than where agricultural density is lower.

  15. Agricultural Density Can you predict which place has a HIGHER agricultural density? What evidence do you see?

  16. Thinking Like A Geographer Why do geographers examine BOTH physiological and agricultural densities together?

  17. Key Issue 3 Why is Population Increasing at Different Rates in Different Countries?

  18. Demographic Transition CLICK TO LEARN

  19. Thinking Like A Geographer How/why do demographers use the DTM? How does the DTM show population change over time? Is the DTM still hold true /relevant?

  20. Is the DTM Still Relevant? Critics Say… • Based on England only • Population growing much faster then ever before • Graying Population living loner than ever • Medical Revolution- 1900’s

  21. Declining Birth Rates A result of • Better education for girls and women and knowledge of health care • Widespread use of family planning/contraception (NOT a universally accepted practice)

  22. Use of Family Planning Fig. 2-22: Both the extent of family planning use and the methods used vary widely by country and culture.

  23. Malthus on Overpopulation Rev. Thomas Robert Malthus was an English demographer best known for his pessimistic but highly influential views Argued that the population would out run their food, because food increased mathematically and population increased exponentially. Believed war, disease, or famine would equalize population growth unless people used “moral restraint” (February, 1766 – December 23, 1834)

  24. Neo-Malthusians • Claim that more LDC’s are in stage 2 of the demographic transition that ever before in history, thus putting a larger strain on the food supply • Believe population growth is out-stripping not just food production, but a wide variety of resources, such as oil and natural gas • Argue that population will be in check because of the scarcity of food will increase war, disease and death

  25. Malthus Critics • Not all resources are “fixed” • Marxist theory believes that there is enough food as long as it is shared amongst the people • Population could increase the economy and technology therefore providing solutions • Agriculture is expanding not fixed

  26. Food & Population, 1950-2000Malthus vs. Actual Trends Fig. 2-20: Malthus predicted population would grow faster than food production, but food production actually expanded faster than population in the 2nd half of the 20th century.

  27. Malthus in Theory… and In Reality • On a global scale, the theory does not hold true for the last 50 years- advances in food production have also increased • For many, food is available but not affordable

  28. Japan’s Population Decline • Japan’s NIR is shrinking • Will impact the dependency ratio • Immigration is not encouraged • Mothers encouraged not to work

  29. Population Futures… Stage 5? • Demographers predict the global population will be 9.5 billion by 2050 • The majority of the growth will be in LDCs • MDCs may move into Stage 5 of the DTM • CBRs are lowering, but CDRs are rising (many more elderly)

  30. India’s Population Policies • 1st country to develop government family planning program • Educate women about birth control, clinics and free birth control devices • Legal abortions • Sterilization in return for a payment

  31. China’s Population Policies CLICK TO LEARN MORE In 1980, the Chinese government began a temporary one-child policy • Need a government permit to have a child • Age restrictions on marriage • Rewards for having just one child • Wealthy families sometimes pay a fee for a second child

  32. Key Issue 4 Why Do Some Regions Face Health Issues?

  33. The Epidemiologic Transition Epidemiologists study the occurrence, distribution, and control of disease that are prevalent among a population during special times, causes, and circumstances The Epidemiologic Transition connects specific health threats to each stage of the DTM Epidemiologists strive to understand distinctive distribution and diffusion patterns of diseases

  34. Quick Overview

  35. The Epidemiologic Transition:Stage 1 (High CDR) Stage 1– Infectious/parasitic disease, accidents, animal attacks Black Plague is a Stage 1 example: killed 25 million- ½ of Europe’s population

  36. The Epidemiologic Transition:Stage 2 (Rapidly Declining CDR) Stage 2 – Receding Pandemics Cholera is a Stage 2 example

  37. The Epidemiologic Transition:Stage 3 (Moderately Declining CDR) Stage 3- Degenerative and human created diseases • Decrease in deaths from infectious diseases and an increase in disorders associated with aging • Cardiovascular disease and cancer

  38. Epidemiologic Transition: Stage 4 (Low, but Increasing CDRs) Stage 4- Delayed degenerative diseases such as heart diseases and cancer • Life is extended through medical advances

  39. Epidemiologic Transition: Stage 5?Reemergence of Infectious Diseases reasons for a POSSIBLE Stage 5 • Evolution of new strains of diseases (Malaria) • Poverty (TB) • Globalization and easier travel (H1N1, SARS, AIDS)

  40. HIV/AIDS Prevalence Rates, 2011 The highest HIV infection rates are in sub-Saharan Africa. India and China have large numbers of cases, but lower infection rates at present.

  41. SARS Infections in China, 2003 China had 85 percent of the world's SARS cases in 2003. Within China, the infection was highly clustered in Guangdong Province, Hong Kong, and Beijing.

  42. Tuberculosis Death Rates, 2000 The tuberculosis death rate is a good indicator of a country’s ability to invest in health care. TB is still one of the world’s largest infectious-disease killers.

  43. Indicators of Health Demographers also look at infant mortality and life expectancy data Both these data sets follow the MDC/LDC pattern

  44. Provisions of Health Care

  45. Medical Services • Most MDCs pay high percentage of medicals costs fro its citizens (USA an exception) • Even in MDCs, governments must make choices… less coverage or higher taxes • People in LDCs have little help with medical costs

  46. Case Study: Sub-Saharan Africa • In some areas of Sub-Saharan Africa, people have exceeded the carrying capacity of the region-not enough resources fro the number of people. • This is partly the natural environment, and partly human action. • Since women often are responsible for finding food, additional children are a short-term asset

  47. Click the Images to Review! 6 Review Slides and a Mini-quiz! Check out Chapter 4 Vocab Terms Publisher’s Review (8th Edition)!

  48. Up Next: Migration Begin reading Chapter 3

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