1. CUES TO DEPTH PERCEPTION • Binocular cues • Monocular cues

2. BINOCULAR CUES • Valuable only when object is close. • Each eye has a slightly different view.

3. MONOCULAR CUES • Object seen as one picture. • Are derived from experience

5. GEOMETRIC PERSPECTIVES Vertical position in the field Linear perspectives Apparent foreshortening

6. RETINAL IMAGE SIZE • Known size of objects. • Increasing of decreasing size of objects. • Terrestrial association. • Overlapping contours.

11. CONFINED SPACE

13. AERIAL PERSPECTIVE When distant information can be gained by the clarity of an object or by the shadow it casts.

15. LOSS OF DETAIL OR TEXTURE

17. MOTION PARALLAX • Very important cue to depth perception. • Relative motion/stationary objects. • Rate depends on the distance of the object.

18. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE (ELO) #8 • Action: Identify visual illusions. • Condition: Given a list. Standard: IAW FM 1-301, FM 8-2, and TC 1-204.

19. GENERAL INFORMATION • The most reliable senses. • Misinterpretation of what is seen. • Spatial disorientation.

20. RELATIVE MOTION ILLUSION • Motion between you and a moving object. • Confusion as to who is moving.

21. GROUND LIGHTS MISINTERPRETATION

22. FALSE VERTICAL ILLUSION Misinterpretation of the horizon

24. STRUCTURAL ILLUSION • Curved glass, heat waves, rain, snow, sleet, or other disturbance. • Disturbance/distortion.

26. AUTOKINETIC ILLUSION • Lack of visual references. • Off center vision and scanning pattern.

27. SIZE DISTANCE • False perception of distance from an object on the ground or in the air. • Misinterprets an unfamiliar object’s size to be the same as an object they are normally accustomed to viewing.

29. FASCINATION/FIXATION • Pilot concentrates on hitting target. • Pilot forgets to fly aircraft. • Flies into target or ground.

30. REVERSIBLE PERSPECTIVE ILLUSION • Can occur at night. • An aircraft flying parallel course toward your aircraft. • Observe the aircraft lights. • Perform corrective actions as needed.

31. ALTERED PLANES OF REFERENCES • Approaching a line of clouds or mountains. • Climb in altitude. • Tend to tilt away from the clouds.

32. SCOTOPIC VISION • Night vision • Peripheral vision (rods only) • Acuity degraded 20/200 color blind • Off center viewing to compensate blind spot

33. FACTORS AFFECTING DARK ADAPTATION • Photo sensitivity of the eye • Cones- contains chemical

34. PROBLEM WITH RED LIGHTNING • No longer use • Blue / green lights • Focus behind retina, causing fatigue • Seen at great distance • Creates glare • Bleaches color in map

35. PROTECT NIGHT VISION • Sunglasses • Adjust cockpit light lowest readable level • Turn off exterior light • Close on eye • Supplemental oxygen

36. PROPER VIEWING TECHNIQUE • Scanning • Off-center viewing

37. SCANNING STOP-TURN-STOP-TURN

38. OFF-CENTER VIEWING View object by looking 10 degree above, below, or to either side.