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Culture & Child-Rearing

Culture & Child-Rearing. Freudian Theory: Infantile Sexuality. Develops through stages toward “normal” adult heterosexuality Oral  Anal  Phallic / Oedipal Early developments must be repressed & sublimated. Oral Stage (birth – 2). nursing, sucking

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Culture & Child-Rearing

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  1. Culture & Child-Rearing

  2. Freudian Theory:Infantile Sexuality • Develops through stages toward “normal” adult heterosexuality • Oral  Anal  Phallic / Oedipal • Early developments must be repressed & sublimated

  3. Oral Stage (birth – 2) • nursing, sucking • pleasure: lips & mouth; satiety • anxiety: hunger, abandonment Oral character: • Anxiety about nurturance, separation • Eating, smoking, drinking to calm anxiety • Dependency

  4. Anal Stage (2 – 4) • Defecation (control of sphincter) • Pleasure: sensation of defecating, making messes, defiance • Anxiety: dirtying, loss of control, chaos, fear of punishment Anal character: • Order, control, cleanliness, neatness • Constrictive / impulsive emotional style

  5. Phallic / Oedipal Stage (5 – 7) • Attachment to mother sexualized • Punitive father threatens attachment to / dependence on mother • Threat experienced as “castration anxiety” • Sexualized attachment to mother repressed • Identification with father – “masculinity”

  6. Boys’ Oedipal Complex • Accept as correct? • Reject as wrong? • Describes psychological consequences of authoritarian fathering?

  7. Girls’ Oedipal Complex? • Discovery of “castration” • Rejection of mother + sexualized attachment to father (with unconscious “wish for penis”) • Shift of attachment from father to man • Wish for penis becomes wish for baby • Re-identification with mother

  8. Girls’ Oedipal Complex • Accept as correct? • Reject as wrong? • Describes psych. consequences of patriarchal power?

  9. Initial Indulgence Age of Training Severity Oral 2nd lowest 2nd earliest weaning upper quartile Anal 3rd lowest 2nd earliest most severe (tied) Sex lowest among earliest most severe (tied) Dependence slightly below median slightly earlier than median at median Aggression near median near median slightly above median Freud: A Cultural Psychology? U.S. vs. 72 non-Western cultures – early 1950s

  10. “Object Relations” TheoryWinnicott, Kernberg, Mahler, etc. • Attachment & separation / individuation • Sex & aggression not primary • Shaped by attachment & separation  Need for “secure” attachment  Need for “separation – individuation”

  11. Life-Span Development & IdentityErik Erikson • 8 stages • each has a key “developmental task” • Identity: adolescence & adulthood identifications re-worked into ideology

  12. Social Self: G. H. Mead • “Me”: self reflected by others vs. • “I” : subjective experience, responds to “Me”

  13. Social Self: G. H. Mead • “Me” self: learned by seeing one’s self from other’s point of view • Role-playing: children’s games sports social institutions  Generalized Other [ Sartre’s “they” ]

  14. Theory Question • How is Mead’s “social self” related to Erikson’s “Identity”? • G.G.’s answer: social self develops in late childhood defines task of identity formation

  15. infancy early childhood late childhood adolescence early adulthood Core Level I apprentice-ship competence expertise Social Persona Level II ( Mead ) apprentice-ship competence expertise Identity Level III ( Erikson ) apprentice-ship competence expertise Levels & Periods of Psych. Develop.

  16. Ecology of Child Development

  17. Subsistence • Edgerton studies in Africa: Pastoralists: open emotionality + independence Agriculturalists: closed emotinoality + obedience • MENA: agro-pastoral = tension?

  18. Subsistence • Evil Eye -- Envy Complex • “paranoia hypothesis”: no association with infant care • Association with peasant communities, “limited good,” inequality, exploitative authorities  “patronal dependency” & “risk of seizure”

  19. Subsistence • Household Organization: • East Africa: dispersed mother & children units  interpersonal reticence • West Africa & MENA: large shared households  gregarious, highly sociable

  20. Climate:Sling vs. Cradle Cultures • Slings: warmer climates • Cradles: colder climates

  21. Gusii (West Kenya)

  22. Morocco

  23. Native American

  24. Native American

  25. Native American

  26. Dark: cradle White: sling

  27. Sling vs. Cradle Cultures • Sling cultures: • “cross-gender” identity conflict • resolved via masculinizing ritual • Cradle cultures: • “dependency” conflict • resolved via solitary vision quest & guardian spirit (Native America)

  28. Culture & Childcare • Pre-industrial: “pediatric” models high infant-mortality protect & nurture • Modern: “pedagogic” models survival assumed prepare for school & achievement

  29. Pediatric vs. Pedagogic ModelsRobert LeVine et al

  30. Mothering Behavior

  31. Objectives of Mothering • Pediatric (pre-industrial): minimize caloric expenditure foundation of life-long attachment • Pedagogic (modern): elicit interest & engagement in world prepare for school & achievement prepare to separate from family

  32. Pediatric Model Infant Care • “Symbiotic” mother-infant bond? • Cultivation of intense dependence? • Undermines individuation? • Basis for life-long attachment? • Foundation for patron-client style relations? • Abrupt weaning • Traumatic? • Undermines individuation?

  33. “Pediatric”-Style Infant Care Secure attachment  resilience Weaning & decreased nurturance creates potentially-traumatic developmental challenge  household as “transitional obj” ?  hsld as honor-bearing “group self” ?

  34. “Pediatric”-Style Infant Care Matrifocal interdependence Japan: “indulged dependence” indebtedness fear of abandonment  motivates group loyalty & achievement ?

  35. MENA:Traditional Infant Care

  36. Infant Care: Pediatric Model + Sling Carrying

  37. Infancy: Sibling Caretaking

  38. Infancy: Hunger & Illnesses

  39. Pediatric Model: extended nursing

  40. Paternal care

  41. Pediatric model & “dethronement”?

  42. Infancy • Pedagogic model + sling carrying • shared with Africa, South Asia • Fosters “matri-focal interdependence” • Debate: “dethronement” undermines autonomy vs. promotes wider attachments & household “group” self?

  43. “Pediatric”-Style Infant Care MENA: • anchors loyalty & “group self” to household/kin group ? • Motivates achievement ? • Q: how patriarchal authority relations affect matrifocal interdependence ?

  44. Early Childhood • Toddlers / “yard child” • Dethronement? • Hunger & food? • Poor health? • Fear of jinn-s, ogres, etc. • Sibling rivalry • Circumcision / F.G.C.

  45. Gender Development

  46. Nancy ChodorowReproduction of Mothering Freud: Oedipal complex is key M & F begin as if boys Chodorow: pre-Oedipal attachment key M & F begin as if girls based on identification with mother & core “feminine” sense of self

  47. Chodorow Theory • Girls: preserve identification with mother & core feminine sense of self shift attachment from F to M • Boys: renounce / repress identification with mother & feminine sense of self construct masculine sense of self misogyny = projection of feared/despised feminine sense of self

  48. John Whiting Theory( masculine development ) • Long exclusive mother-infant co-sleeping leads to…  Stronger “feminine” identification  Greater need for “masculinizing” ritual  Puberty rituals with genital mutilation • Excising “femaleness” • Creating “male” bodies & persons

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