1. The Roman World Takes Shape Chapter 5 Section 1

3. Romans Settle Italy • Italy much easier to unify than Greece • The city on seven hills (Rome) • Legend has it: Twin brothers- Romulus and Remus- founded the city of Rome • Etruscans lived North of Rome • Romans learned much from the Etruscans

5. Rome Establishes a Republic • Senators: Patricians; served for life and made laws for Rome • Consuls: Patricians; elected by Senate to supervise the running of Rome • Dictators: Patricians; elected by Senate on occasions of war • Tribunes: Plebeians; elected by Plebeians to guard the interest of Plebeians • Citizen-soldiers: Citizens; served in the Roman army

6. Characterizing Roman Society • Family was basic unit- male head of household; ideal woman was loving, dignified, and strong • Women played a larger role in society than did Greek women

7. Roman Republic Grows • Generally treated conquered lands with justice • Had to acknowledge Roman leadership, pay taxes, and supply soldiers for the Roman army • In return Rome let them keep their own customs, money, and local governments • To a privileged few, Rome gave full citizenship/ others partial citizenship • Most conquered lands stayed loyal to Rome

8. From republic to Empire Chapter 5 Section 2

9. Rome grows through conquest • Rome began to expand westward conflict between Rome and Carthage became inevitable • Between 264 B.C. and 146 B.C. three wars were fought against Carthage (Punic Wars) • 1st Punic War: Rome defeated Carthage and won islands of Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia

11. 2nd Punic War: Hannibal led his army from the North on a surprise attack- won battle after battle in Italy until Romans attacked Carthage • Failed to take Rome • 3rd Punic War: Rome completely destroyed Carthage- survivors were killed or sold into slavery • Romans poured salt on the earth so nothing would grow

13. The Roman Republic Declines • Debate over who should hold power- the senate or popular political leaders • Led to slave uprisings at home • Old legions of citizen-soldiers became professional armies who were loyal to their commanders

14. Julius Caesar • Caesar and Pompey dominated politics • Caesar set out with private army to conquer new lands (Gaul) • Fearful of Caesar’s power- Pompey convinced Senate to disband Caesar’s army • Caesar secretly marched into Rome and crushed Pompey and his followers • Then continued on his quest of conquering more land • Upon his return to Rome, he forced the Senate to make him dictator

15. Julius Caesar Con’t • Pushed through many reforms • Program of public works • Reorganized government and gave more citizenship • Introduced a new calendar (became our calendar today) • Enemies were fearful of his power so they stabbed him to death

16. His death plunged Rome into new civil wars • Mark Antony and Octavian joined forces to find Caesar’s murders • Led to a dispute between the two • Octavian defeated Anthony and his ally Queen Cleopatra of Egypt • Octavian changed his name to Augustus- “Exalted One” • Avoided calling himself king- but did name a successor as a king would do • Began the Age of the Roman Empire

17. Roman Empire • Augustus laid the foundation for a stable government • Left senate in place and created an efficient civil service • High level jobs open to men of talent, not based on class • Allowed self-government to outlying cities and providences • Also made economic reforms: • Ordered a census to make taxes more fair • Set up postal service • Issued new coins to make trade easier

18. Augustus’ Successors • Not all were competent and strong • Caligula appointed his horse as a consul • Nero persecuted Christians and was blamed for setting a great fire that burned much of Rome • 96-180 a series of “good emperors” • Hadrian codified Roman law and had a large wall built for protection • Marcus Aurelius read philosophy while leading wars

19. PaxRomana Brings Prosperity • Augustus to Aurelius is known as PaxRomana or “Roman Peace” • Roman rule brought peace, order, unity, and prosperity from Euphrates River in east to Britain in west (size of continental US) • Legions maintained and protected roads and trade routes • Trade expanded greatly • During this time prosperity hid underlying social and economic problems

20. The Roman Achievement Ch. 5 Sec. 3

21. Literature, History, Philosophy • Many Romans spoke Greek and used their style and prose in poetry • Many wrote in Latin • Virgil: Wrote to prove Roman history was as great as Greek history • Wrote Aeneid

22. Literature, History, Philosophy con’t • Others wrote to satirize (make fun of) Roman society • Historians wrote bout rise and fall of Rome • Livy wrote about tales of heroes • Tacitus wrote bitterly about Augustus and his followers • Romans borrowed Greek philosophy • Stoicism became popular from the Hellenistic society

23. Art and Architecture • Art was similar to Greek- sculptors focused on realism • Romans focused on revealing an individual’s character • Art was used to beautify the home • Also known for their frescos and mosaics • Architecture emphasized grandeur • Improved the use of columns and arches • Most famous domed structure- Pantheon

24. Science and MAthmatics • Romans were engineers: a mix of mathematics and science to develop structures and machines • Built roads, bridges, and harbors • Also built aqueducts: bridgelike stone structures that carried water from the hills into Roman cities • Romans left science research to the Greek, now part of the Roman empire

25. New Law Codes • Law fostered unity and stability • Innocent until proven guilty • The accused is allowed to face the accuser and offer a defense against the charge • Guilt had to be established “clearer than daylight” using solid evidence • Judges were allowed to interpret the laws and were expected to make fair decisions • Penalties varied according to social class, lower-class were treated more harshly

26. Rise of Christianity Ch. 5 Sec. 4

27. Diverse Religions in Rome • Various religions coexisted • leading Roman gods remained important • Some turned to mystery religions • Cult of Isis- women were equal to men • Roman soldiers favored cult of Persian god Mithras- good over evil/ life after death • Toleration as long as people tolerated Roman gods and acknowledged the divine spirit of the emperor

29. Divisions in Judea • Romans conquered Judea by 63 B.C. • Romans excused Jews from worshiping Roman gods because they were monotheistic • Among Jews themselves, religious ferment created divisions • Jewish conservatives rejected Hellenistic influences and called for strict obedience to Jewish law and traditions

30. Rise of Christianity • As turmoil engulfed Jews, Christianity began to rise among followers of a Jew named Jesus • Most of what we know about Jesus comes from the Gospels (First 4 books of New Testament of Christian bible)

31. Jesus Begins Preaching • Born about 4 B.C. in Bethlehem, he was a descendent of King David of Israel • Jesus grew up in Nazareth worshiping God and following Jewish law • Began preaching around age 30 • He recruited 12 of his disciples who became apostles • After 3 years Jesus went to Jerusalem to spread his message there

32. Jesus Teaches New Beliefs • Jesus’ teachings were firmly rooted in Jewish tradition • Preached obedience in the laws of Moses but also preached new beliefs • His mission was to bring spiritual salvation and eternal life to all who believed in him

33. Jesus’ Persecution • Some Jews welcomed Jesus, others saw him as a troublemaker • Roman authorities saw him as a threat • Jesus was betrayed by one of his disciples and arrested, tried, and condemned to death • After death on the cross Gospels report he ascended into heaven

34. Message of Christianity spreads • Disciples continued to spread Jesus’ message • Followers became known as Christians • Peter spread Christianity to Rome itself • Paul played most influential role in spreading Christianity • Paul traveled around Mediterranean and set up churches • Also wrote letters to Christians to help spread

36. Christians are oppressed • Romans no longer tolerated Christians • Christians met in secret to avoid persecution/ rumors spread they were engaged in evil practices • Peter and Paul were martyred during reign of Nero • Christianity continued to spread despite the attacks- even brought more converts

37. Early Church Develops • To join Christian community- person had to be baptized or blessed in holy water • The Baptized ate bread and drank wine in a sacred rite called Eurcharist in memory of Jesus

38. Differences arise within the church • Rivalry within church officials caused divisions between east and west • Led to heresies: beliefs said to contrary to official Church teachings

39. The Long Decline Ch. 5 Sec. 5

40. Roman empire faced threats from inside and outside the empire • Economic problems • Foreign invasion • Decline in traditional values • Undermined stability and security

41. Problems in The Empire • Death of Marcus Aurelius- Rome spiraled into political and economic decline • Disruptive political pattern emerged • Constant overturning of the throne • 26 emperors resigned in 50 years • High taxes to support army placed heavy burdens on small business and small farmers • Farmland lost its productivity • Farmers became “slaves” even though they were free

42. Emperor Diocletian Shares Power • Diocletian set out to restore order • Divided the empire in half to make it easier to rule • He kept control of wealthy east • Gave co-emperor Maximian the West • Fixes prices to slow inflation: the rapid rise of prices • Sons had to follow their fathers • Farmers were forced to stay on the land • Was to ensure steady production

45. Constantine Makes further reforms • 312 General Constantine gained the throne • Continued Diocletian’s reforms and made more: • Granted toleration to Christians • Established a new capital at Byzantium, which he renamed Constantinople • Eastern empire became “New Rome” and was center of power

47. Improvements Prove Temporary • Reforms of Diocletian and Constantine had mixed results • Revived the economy • Held empire together • Failed to stop long-term decline • Internal problems and attacks from the outside bring down the empire

48. Invaders threaten Roman Empire • Events in East Asia forced nomadic people, Huns, from central Asia toward eastern Europe • Fought fierce battles against Germanic people who then sought refuge by the Romans • With empire in decline, legions were hard pressed to halt the invaders (Germanic peoples) • Surrendered Britain, France, and Spain, then eventually all of Rome itself

50. Rome is Sacked • Gradually Germanic groups occupied more and more of Western Rome • Worst was yet to come • 434 Hun leader Attila started a savage campaign of conquest • Sent more Germanic people fleeing • 476 Germanic leader Odoacer ousted emperor of Rome • Historians referred to that as the “fall” of Rome