1. The Roman World Takes Shape

2. Geography Italian Peninsula- centrally located in Mediterranean Not broken up into city-states by mountains Fertile Plains

3. Peoples Latins- 800 B.C., Tiber River “City on seven hills” Etruscans- lived north of Rome, ruled much of Italy including Rome Alphabet, arch building, draining the marshes, deities

4. The Roman Republic 509 B.C.- drove out Estruscans Republic- “thing of the people”

5. The Government Takes Shape In the early stages, the senate took control Patricians- members of the landholding upper class Consuls- supervise the business of government and command the armies (1 term) Dictator- ruler who has complete control over the government (time of war) 6 months

6. Plebians Demand Equality Plebians- farmers, merchants, artisans, and traders; bulk of the population Laws of the Twelve Tables Tribunes- officials elected by the plebians Veto- block laws from being put into place

7. Roman Society Father had complete control Wife was subject to husband’s authority “Loving, Dutiful, Dignified, and Strong”

8. Changing Role of Women Larger role than Greek women Ran a variety of businesses Some exercised significant political influence (Livia and Agrippina the Younger)

9. Education Girls and Boys learned to read and write Private tutors (Greek)- memorize events in Roman History Rhetoric for political pursuers

10. Religion Gods and goddesses resembled Estruscan and Greek deities Jupiter, Juno, Neptune, Mars, etc. Religious festivals and temples

11. Expansion in Italy 270 B.C.- Rome controlled most of the Italian peninsula Skillful diplomacy and a well-trained army Legion- 5,000 men Citizen-soldiers- fought without pay and supplied their own weapons (loyalty, courage, and respect for authority) Rewards and Punishment

12. Conquered Lands Justice Acknowledge Roman leadership, pay taxes, supply soldiers Full citizenship/Partial citizenship

13. Protection and Unification Soldiers posted Military roads Latin language and Roman customs and beliefs