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Understanding Nutrition and Food Security: Key Principles and Energy Needs

This article explores the principles of nutrition and food security, emphasizing how energy needs of a population are determined by factors like resting metabolic needs (BMR), activity levels, demographic composition, and special conditions such as pregnancy and emergencies. It outlines the average daily energy requirements, nutritional contributions from protein, carbohydrates, and fats, and discusses food security interventions aimed at poverty reduction. Further, it highlights methods to assess food security and hunger, including surveys and anthropometry, while addressing key policy actions for sustainable food security.

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Understanding Nutrition and Food Security: Key Principles and Energy Needs

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  1. Nutrition and food security some principles (cont)

  2. Energy needs of population depend on: • Resting metabolic needs (BMR) • Activity: > 1.5 BMR • Demographic composition • ( includes pregnancy and lactation) • Temperature • E.g. emergencies 2100 kcals; usually around 2200 kcals; see RDAs

  3. Energy needs: about 2200 kcals/hd/day, averaged over popn • Protein: about 10% of energy should be from protein. • CHO: 3.5-4.0 kcals/g • Protein: 4.0 kcals/g • Fat: 9.0 kcals/g

  4. Nutrient types and deficiencies Type I - reduced tissue concentration and specific clinical signs Type II - reduced growth rate and non-specific signs

  5. Nutrient types and deficiencies Source: M Golden

  6. Nutrient types and deficiencies Source: M Golden

  7. Household food security. • Except in emergencies (and even then) interventions to improve food security are pretty much the same as those to reduce poverty. • Relevant actions: • Macroeconomic adjustment • Employment policies • Employment provision • Agricultural policies • Food prices and subsidies, public distribution • General subsidies • Targeted • Rations and quotas • Food stamps and coupons See: ‘nutrition-relevant actions’ www.unsystem.org/scn

  8. Measure food security and hunger: • FPI/CPI • Income/exp surveys • Food cons surveys (incl 24 hr recall) • Food perception q’aires • Anthropometry ? See FIVIMS meeting: http://www.fivims.net/documents/ISS/ISS_e/ISS_exesum.pdf

  9. Household food security. • Except in emergencies (and even then) interventions to improve food security are pretty much the same as those to reduce poverty. • Relevant actions: • Macroeconomic adjustment • Employment policies • Employment provision • Agricultural policies • Food prices and subsidies, public distribution • General subsidies • Targeted • Rations and quotas • Food stamps and coupons See: ‘nutrition-relevant actions’ www.unsystem.org/scn

  10. Community-based and service delivery (facility-based) programs • Vertical micronutrient programs • Nutrition in health services and schools • Contextual and supporting policies.

  11. I613-3

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