1. Unified Cognitive Science • Neurobiology • Psychology • Computer Science • Linguistics • Philosophy • Social Sciences • Experience Take all the Findings and Constraints Seriously

2. What are schemas? • Regularities in our perceptual, motor and cognitive systems • Structure our experiences and interactions with the world. • May be grounded in a specific cognitive system, but are not situation-specific in their application (can apply to many domains of experience)

3. Basis of Image schemas • Perceptual systems • Motor routines • Social Cognition • Image Schema properties depend on • Neural circuits • Interactions with the world

4. boundary bounded region Image schemas LM • Trajector / Landmark (asymmetric) • The bike is near the house • ? The house is near the bike • Boundary / Bounded Region • a bounded region has a closed boundary • Topological Relations • Separation, Contact, Overlap, Inclusion, Surround • Orientation • Vertical (up/down), Horizontal (left/right, front/back) • Absolute (E, S, W, N) TR

5. Similarity: • Perceptual and motor systems • Basic functional interactions with the world • Environment Variation: Cross-linguistic variation in how schemas are used.

6. Cross-linguistic Variations

7. English

8. Japanese

9. AROUND ON IN OVER English Bowerman & Pederson

10. OP OM AAN IN BOVEN Dutch Bowerman & Pederson

11. ZHOU LI SHANG Chinese Bowerman & Pederson

12. Spatial schemas • TR/LM relation • Boundaries, bounded region • Topological relations • Orientational Axes • Proximal/Distal

13. Trajector/Landmark Schema • Roles: Trajector (TR) – object being located Landmark (LM) – reference object TR and LM may share a location (at)

14. TR/LM -- asymmetry • The cup is on the table • ?The table is under the cup. • The skateboard is next to the post. • ?The post is next to the skateboard.

15. Boundary Schema Roles: Boundary Region A Region B Region A Region B Boundary

16. Topological Relations • Separation

17. Topological Relations • Separation • Contact

18. Topological Relations • Separation • Contact • Coincidence:

19. Topological Relations • Separation • Contact • Coincidence: - Overlap

20. Topological Relations • Separation • Contact • Coincidence: • Overlap • Inclusion

21. Topological Relations • Separation • Contact • Coincidence: • Overlap • Inclusion • Encircle/surround

22. Orientation • Vertical axis -- up/down up above upright below down

23. Orientation Horizontal plane – Two axes:

24. Language and Frames of Reference • There seem to be three prototypical frames of reference in language (Levinson) • Intrinsic • Relative • Absolute

25. Intrinsic frame of reference left back front right

26. Relative frame of reference right?? back front left??

27. Absolute frame of reference west south north east

28. TR/LM and Verticality Schemas • The book is under the table. up down under

29. Proximal/Distal Schema .

30. Simple vs. Complex Schemas

31. Container Schema • Roles: • Interior: bounded region • Exterior • Boundary C

32. TR/LM + Container TR out in C C TR

33. Container Schema Elaborated • Complexities –more roles/specifications: • Boundary properties • Strength • Porosity • Portals

34. Source-Path-Goal Constraints: initial = TR at Source central = TR on Path final = TR at Goal Source Path Goal

35. SPG -- simple example She drove from the store to the gas station. TR = she Source = the store Goal= the gas station Source Path Goal

36. SPG and Container She ran into the room. SPG. Source ↔ Container.Exterior SPG.Path ↔ Container.Portal SPG. Goal ↔ Container.Interior

37. PATH landmarks past across along LM LM LM

38. Part-Whole Schema Part Whole

39. Representing image schemas semantic schemaSource-Path-Goal roles: source path goal trajector semantic schemaContainer roles: interior exterior portal boundary Boundary Interior Trajector Portal Source Goal Path Exterior These are abstractions over sensorimotor experiences.

40. Language and Spatial Schemas • People say that they look up to some people, but look down on others because those we deem worthy of respect are somehow “above” us, and those we deem unworthy are somehow “beneath” us. • But why does respect run along a vertical axis (or any spatial axis, for that matter)? Much of our language is rich with such spatial talk. • Concrete actions such as a push or a lift clearly imply a vertical or horizontal motion, but so too can more abstract concepts. • Metaphors: Arguments can go “back and forth,” and hopes can get “too high.”

41. RegierModel Lecture Jerome A. Feldman February 27, 2007 With help from Matt Gedigian

42. Neural Theory of Language

43. Language Development in Children • 0-3 mo: prefers sounds in native language • 3-6 mo: imitation of vowel sounds only • 6-8 mo: babbling in consonant-vowel segments • 8-10 mo: word comprehension, starts to lose sensitivity to consonants outside native language • 12-13 mo: word production (naming) • 16-20 mo: word combinations, relational words (verbs, adj.) • 24-36 mo: grammaticization, inflectional morphology • 3 years – adulthood: vocab. growth, sentence-level grammar for discourse purposes

46. Trajector/Landmark Schema • Roles: Trajector (TR) – object being located Landmark (LM) – reference object TR and LM may share a location (at)

47. TR/LM -- asymmetry • The cup is on the table • ?The table is under the cup. • The skateboard is next to the post. • ?The post is next to the skateboard.

49. Language and Frames of Reference • There seem to be three prototypical frames of reference in language (Levinson) • Intrinsic • Relative • Absolute