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Safety Analysis

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  1. Safety Analysis A Statistical Approach

  2. Statistics Anxiety? • “Don’t understand statistics.” • Fear statistics may be used improperly. “Statistics don’t lie, people do.” • Confusion over the significance of statistics. • Math moron or math phobia.” “There are three types of liars: liars, damned liars, and statisticians.” -- Benjamin Disraeli

  3. Functions of statistics in the field of safety • Determine problem areas • Alcohol use and driving • Work-related accidents in a specific department • Helpful in developing strategies in safety education • On the job safety training • Teaching how to plan a safe home environment

  4. Functions of statistics in the field of safety • Development of safety equipment • Seat belts, air bags • Smoke alarms • Means of comparison • Provides a means of comparison between and among groups

  5. Functions of statistics in thefield of safety • Statistics are an indispensable tool in the field of safety and safety education.

  6. Statistical Analysis • Statistics – “An area of science concerned with the extraction of information from numerical data.” • Domain of statistics: • Collection of numerical data • Presentation of numerical data • Analysis of numerical data • Interpretation of numerical data

  7. Two Major Types of Statistics • Descriptive Statistics • Inform the reader about the characteristics of a particular group; provide a factual account of what has actually occurred. Examples: death rates, death totals, discrete variables. • Inferential Statistics • Consists of estimations, generalizations, or predictions about a particular group; take a random sample from a population in order to make predictions or inferences about that population.

  8. Graphic Representations • The presentation of statistical data is paramount to the understanding and interpretation of data. • Histogram • Frequency polygon • Pie Chart

  9. Histogram

  10. Frequency Polygon

  11. Pie Chart

  12. Other Ways Data are Presented • Percentages – Can be used as a means of comparison, or to demonstrate changes over time; have the ability to clarify raw numbers. • Rates – Rates are a type of ratio based upon a particular population unit, usually 100,000 population; or some other common denominator, e.g. vehicle miles traveled.

  13. Rates • Crude death rate • # of deaths/Total population X 100,000 • Specific death rate – provides a little more information than crude. • # of deaths for specific population/Total specific population X 100,000

  14. Rates • Advantages of rates: • Rates give a more accurate reflection of the actual state of affairs • Can accurately and easily compare groups by controlling a specific variable such as population.

  15. Errors • Collection • Analysis • Presentation • Interpretation

  16. “Valid” and “Reliable” • Validity – Refers to the accuracy of the information; are the data true and accurate, representing the actual state of affairs? • Reliability – Refers to the consistency of the data or research design; are the numbers consistent if the data were to be collected repeatedly; would there be similar results if the research design were reproduced?

  17. Sources of Valid and Reliable Safety Statistics • National Safety Council • Centers for Disease Control • National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) • U.S. Depart of Transportation • State DOT’s • State Departments of Public Health

  18. Classifying Accidents • Motor Vehicle • Work • Home • Public

  19. Classifying Accidents by TYPE of Event • Motor Vehicle • Falls • Poisoning by solids and liquids • Fires, burns and deaths associated with fires • Drowning • Suffocation by ingested object

  20. Classifying Accidents by TYPE of Event • Firearms • Poisoning by gases and vapors • All other types: includes mechanical suffocation; electrical, etc.

  21. System Safety Analysis • System – An orderly arrangement of components that are related and interrelated and act and interact to perform some task or function in a particular environment.

  22. System Safety Analysis • Some types of system safety analysis: • Failure mode and effect • Fault tree analysis • Cost-benefit analysis • Hazard analysis • Computer profile • Haddon matrix

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