The Final Phase

1. The Final Phase

2. Gettysburg Address • Considered one of the greatest and most quoted speeches of all-time. • Dedication of the Soldiers’ National Cemetery at Gettysburg, November 19, 1863.

3. Gettysburg Review • The Battle of Gettysburg began over… • Who controlled the town after the first day? • Name one of the three Union positions. • Union victory was possible mostly do to the fact that they kept the ________________. • Which Confederate general led the charge on Cemetery Ridge? • Name one significant outcome of the Battle of Gettysburg.

4. Medical Advances Amputations • If you were shot in one of your extremities, you usually had only one option. • It was the treatment of choice, because of the amount of wounded. 75% made it! • With a limited supply of water, surgeons did not wash hands or instruments.

5. Hospital Design • The idea of separating the hospital into different wards by affliction. • This helped stop the spread of disease. • The Civil War hospital design is still used today. • Embalming • The practice of temporarily preserving human remains for burial. • Ambulances • Medical transportation needed to be improved during the course of the war. • New medical train boxcars and new carriage ambulances were used.

6. The Siege of Vicksburg, Mississippi May – July 4, 1863 Generals: Ulysses S. Grantvs. John Pemberton Reason For Attack: Take full control over the Mississippi River. Battle: 5 smaller battles are fought over difficult terrain – Swamplands, hillsides, forests. - Eventually Grant surrounds Vicksburg for a 6-week siege. Outcome: Union Victory

7. Significance: • Pemberton surrenders to the Union on July 4 • The Union completes its plan to capture the entire Mississippi River. • The last main battle of the Western Theater. • Ulysses S. Grant will be recognized as the supreme commander of the Union forces. “If you can’t feed us, you had better surrender, horrible as the idea is, than suffer this noble army to disgrace themselves by desertion.”

8. Lee vs. Grant Robert E. Lee • Second in his class at West Point – No Demerits. • Served in the U.S. Army – Mexican-American War. • Crafty and daring battlefield tactician. • Beloved and Iconic figure of American History

9. Ulysses S. Grant • Average West Point Graduate. • Served in the Mexican-American War. • Heavy drinker: Military man. • Developed the War of Attrition – Had Alligator Blood. • Remembered as one of the Great American Generals in history.

10. The Wilderness, Virginia May 5-6, 1864 Generals: Ulysses S. Grant vs. Robert E. Lee Reason For Attack: March to Richmond Battle: First battle between Lee and Grant. Heavy casualties, but no defined winner. Outcome: Confederate Victory

11. Significance: • Despite heavy casualties, Grant does not retreat to Washington. Instead, he keeps pushing towards Richmond.

12. Spotsylvania Court House, Virginia May 10-19, 1864 Generals: Ulysses S. Grantvs. Robert E. Lee Reason For Attack: Continued march to Richmond Battle: - Intensive Trench Warfare - On May 12, Union attacked near “Bloody Angle” – 24 hours of straight hand-to-hand combat. Outcome: Confederate Victory

13. Significance: • Grant lost over 30,000 men and 20,000 went home when their enlistments ended. Still, Grant pushed forward. • Grant vowed to “fight it out along this line if it takes all summer.” “We have met a man this time, who either does not know when he is whipped, or who cares not if he loses his whole army.”

14. Review of Material • What procedure usually had to be preformed if a soldier was shot in their arm or leg? • Name a Civil War medical advancement. • Lincoln gave this speech in dedication of the Soldiers’ National Cemetery. • Name the Supreme Union Commander? • Name the Supreme Confederate Commander? • How does Grant’s campaign against the Confederates differ from previous generals? • What tactic does Grant use?

15. Cold Harbor, Virginia June 3, 1864 Generals: Ulysses S. Grant vs. Robert E. Lee Reason For Attack: Continued march to Richmond. Battle: - Confederates entrench at Cold Harbor. Grant orders several frontal assaults on the Confederate positions. - Union loses 7,000 men in 20 minutes – Officers refuse another attack Outcome: Confederate victory

16. Significance: a. Grant calls off the direct assault but does not retreat. Instead he keeps moving down Virginia and settles down to besiege Petersburg.

17. Siege of Petersburg, Virginia June, 1864 – April, 1865 Generals: Ulysses S. Grantvs. Robert E. Lee Reason for Attack: Cut supply lines to Richmond. If Petersburg falls… Richmond will fall. Battle: Union settle into a 9-month siege, which saw the worse trench warfare in history. (Until WWI) Outcome: Union Victory

18. Significance: • The Union controlled the supply center for the Confederate Capital of Richmond. • General Lee was forced to retreat to the west, leaving Petersburg and Richmond to the Union. *Last real engagement of the Civil War.

19. General William Sherman • He was a soldier, a businessman, an educator, and a author. • Received recognition for his Outstanding military strategies and criticism for the harshness of the “scorched earth” policy.

20. “You cannot qualify war in harsher terms than I will. War is cruelty, and you cannot refine it; and those who brought war into our country deserve all the curses and maledictions a people can pour out. I know I had no hand in making this war, and I know I will make more sacrifices to-day than any of you to secure peace. But you cannot have peace and a division of our country. If the United States submits to a division now, it will not stop, but will go on until we reap the fate of Mexico, which is eternal war. [...] I want peace, and believe it can only be reached through union and war, and I will ever conduct war with a view to perfect and early success. But, my dear sirs, when peace does come, you may call on me for anything. Then will I share with you the last cracker, and watch with you to shield your homes and families against danger from every quarter.” -Sherman-

21. Sherman’s March To The Sea September to December 1864 Reason for Attack: – The idea of “Total War,” on the South – “I will make Georgia howl” 1st – Sherman enters Atlanta in September, 1864 – General Johnston and Hood burn the city as they retreat into Tennessee.

22. 2nd – November – 60,000 men march to Savannah, destroying everything in their way – 300 miles long by 60 miles wide. Significance: - Helped Lincoln get reelected. - Demoralized the South: Both economically and their ability to wage war.

23. Review of Material • Name one significant outcome from the Siege of Petersburg. • What Union general is famous for his March to the Sea? • What type of warfare did Sherman practice? • How did Sherman’s March affect the North? • What was the main argument against conscription? • Who were the Copperheads? • Where did Lee surrender his army? • There were four terms for surrender… Name one of them.

24. 1865 – Final Drive to Union Victory • General Grant finally breaks through the Petersburg line → Lee is forced to retreat and evacuate Richmond (April 2).

25. Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia April 9, 1865 – General Lee is forced to surrender to General Grant at Appomattox Courthouse. Surrender Terms: • Confederate officers could keep their sidearm's. • All soldiers could keep their horses or mules. • Soldiers must return to their homes and not take up arms against the Union army again. • 25,000 rations were issued by the Union army for the starving Confederates.

26. “ The war is over, the rebels are our countryman again.” – Grant “I have done for you all that it was in my power to do. You have done all your duty. Leave the result to God. Go to your homes and resume your occupations. Obey the laws and become as good citizens as you were soldiers.” – Lee

27. Election of 1864 • Northern opposition towards the war… - Conscription (The Draft) - The cost of War • Draft Criticism – “It was designed to force white working-class men to fight for the freedom of African Americans who would then come north and steal their jobs.” • Copperheads – Northern Democrats who sympathized with the South.

28. Nominees • Republican – Abraham Lincoln • Democratic – George McClellan • Outcome: • Lincoln wins by a landslide taking all but two of the Union states.

29. The Assassination of Lincoln After the news of Appomattox reached Washington, A crowd gathered outside of the Whitehouse expecting a Lincoln victory speech. Instead, Lincoln ordered the band to play Dixie and he went to bed… Dixie Elvis Dixie “Fellow citizens, we cannot escape history.”

30. On hearing the news of Lee’s surrender, John Wilkes Booth went to the local bar and “drank to his sorrows.” • A month early, Booth devised a plan to kidnap the President. • Soon, Booth changed his mind and turned to assassination.

31. April 14, 1865 – Good Friday… That night, Lincoln and his wife attend the play, Our American Cousin. • Booth’s Plan… • “She won’t think anything about it.” • “Sic semper tyrannis!”

32. Booth tries to escape…

33. The goal of the conspirators… • By taking out the heads of the Union government, Booth believed he could revive the South's war effort. • However, It had the opposite effect…

34. JFK and Lincoln Coincidences - Lincoln was elected to Congress in 1846- Kennedy was elected to Congress in 1946- Lincoln was elected president in 1860- Kennedy was elected president in 1960 - Lincoln was succeeded, after assassination, by vice-president Johnson- Kennedy was succeeded, after assassination, by vice-president Johnson - Andrew Johnson was born in 1808- Lyndon Johnson was born in 1908 - Lincoln was shot in a theatre named  Ford- Kennedy was shot in a car made by  Ford- Kennedy was shot in a car named Lincoln - Lincoln was shot in a theatre and his assassin ran to a warehouse- JFK was shot from a warehouse and his alleged assassin ran to a theatre - Lincoln's assassin had a three-worded name, John Wilkes Booth- Kennedy's alleged assassin had a three-worded name, Lee Harvey Oswald - John Wilkes Boothe was born in 1839- Lee Harvey Oswald was born in 1939

35. Test Review Things to know… - Vocabulary Words - People!!! - Identify The State - The Emancipation Proclamation - Women and Advances (Technical & Medical) - Important Battles – Don’t forget Gettysburg! - 54th Massachusetts Regiment - Be able to Identify one Battle completely!

36. Consequences of the Civil War • Human Costs – 360,000 Union soldiers and 258,000 Confederate soldiers died during the struggle. • Southern Economy – In shambles… Two ideas – South is physically destroyed and the impact of emancipation. • The North – Economic boom and expansion. • Slavery – 13th Amendment ended slavery in the United States. • Republican Party – Becomes a dominant force in American politics.