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Tests for Inductive Reasoning

By Munan Singhal. Tests for Inductive Reasoning. Inductive Reasoning Review. When your conclusions are drawn from certain examples, observations, or facts 3 Tests for inductive reasoning. Test #1. See if enough examples have been found to back your reasoning

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Tests for Inductive Reasoning

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  1. By Munan Singhal Tests for Inductive Reasoning

  2. Inductive Reasoning Review • When your conclusions are drawn from certain examples, observations, or facts • 3 Tests for inductive reasoning

  3. Test #1 • See if enough examples have been found to back your reasoning • Any generalization you make should be based off of at least more than two examples. • More sources = More Credibility • Book Example: Airbags save lives • Show that in many accidents, the passengers in the cars without airbags would not have died had the cars been equipped with air bags

  4. Test #2 • Determine if examples are representative or typical • Find examples in many situations and be sure you are accurate • Test across a broad range and variety of your topic • The accidents in the airbag example should cover wide range of accidents

  5. Test #3 • Do the examples have exceptions? • Account for all exceptions in the situation • Airbags are not effective at certain speeds so when you make a generalization make sure you specify

  6. Original Example • Does Secondhand smoke really kill? • Secondhand smoke kills according to American Heart and Lung Association • Secondhand Smoke- The Invisible Killer

  7. Test #1 • Various Cases • Approximately 50,000 deaths in adult non-smokers every year due to secondhand smoke • 3,400 die of lung cancer • 22,700-69,000 die of heart disease

  8. Test #2 • According to the Surgeon General all secondhand smoke is harmful • Contains 200 poisons and 400 cancer causing agents • Levels of secondhand smoke is higher in restaurants then anywhere else

  9. Test #3 • Any Exceptions ? • Secondhand smoke does not always kill • 150,000 – 300,000 lower respiratory tract infections in children under 18 months • 790,000 middle-ear infections linked to secondhand smoke • 202,000 asthma attacks due to secondhand smoke in 2007 in children under eighteen

  10. Conclusion • Does it really kill then? • No, but it is harmful and dangerous

  11. Quiz • 1. How many examples should you base your generalization off of? • 2. Should you account for exceptions in your conclusion? • 3. What are the three tests for inductive reasoning?

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