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The Importance of Grafting and Rootstock Selection for Fruit trees

The Importance of Grafting and Rootstock Selection for Fruit trees. Joel Reich M.S. Colorado State University Extension Integrated Land and Garden Workshop March 6, 2012. A little background ….

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The Importance of Grafting and Rootstock Selection for Fruit trees

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  1. The Importance of Grafting and Rootstock Selection for Fruit trees Joel Reich M.S. Colorado State University Extension Integrated Land and Garden Workshop March 6, 2012

  2. A little background… • First, you need to understand that just about every tree fruit you have ever seen or eaten was grown on a grafted tree. • A grafted tree is comprised of two components: • Scion • Rootstock Graft Union

  3. A little background… • All tree fruit varieties, such as ‘Fuji’ apple, ‘Navel’ orange, ‘Bartlett’ pear and ‘Bing’ cherry are clones. • They are the result of either: • many generations of genetic recombination (“breeding”) • a random mutation (“a sport”)

  4. A little background… • Once a desirable variety (genotype) has been found, we want to stop all genetic changes so we can keep growing the fruit we like. • Examples: • Breeding  ‘Honeycrisp’ apple, ‘Santa Rosa’ plum • Sport  ‘Navel’ orange, ‘Pinot Blanc’ grape

  5. A little background… • Since seeds are the product of genetic recombination (a.k.a. “sex”), we do not grow fruit trees from seed because the resulting trees would have a different “genotype” from the mother plant, resulting in different and almost always inferior fruit. • Because of this, we grow clones…

  6. A little background… • Clones are made from a piece of tissue of the desired variety • This tissue (a twig or even just a bud) is referred to as the “scion” • It is difficult to get a scion to grow roots, so we graft the scion onto an existing and compatible root system

  7. A little background… • Initially, any seedling rootstock was used as an adopted set of roots for our desired varieties… • Then people noticed that some seedlings made particularly good rootstocks… • Disease-resistant, cold- and/or drought-hardy, precociousness, dwarfing. • So we started cloning good rootstocks, too!

  8. Photos courtesy of U. of Minn. Extension

  9. A little background… • Nowadays, we can reap the benefits of hundreds of years of development work on clonal varieties of scions and rootstocks

  10. The Take-Home Message • If you are only paying attention to the scion, you are missing half of the story

  11. What we (hope to) get from a Rootstock • Control tree growth & size • Promote earlier fruit production (precocity) • Disease & insect resistance • Fire Blight, Phytophthora, Verticillium • Wooly apple aphid, nematodes • Adaptation to different soil conditions • Adaptation to different climates

  12. Dwarfing Terminology • Standard – Full-size tree • Vigorous – approx. 80% of standard • Semi-Vigorous – approx. 60-70% of standard • Semi-Dwarf – approx. 40-50% of standard • Dwarf – approx. 25% of standard • Apple is the only crop that has rootstocks in all size classes

  13. Seedling rootstock (standard) vs. M.9 (dwarf)

  14. Photo courtesy of U. of Minn. Extension

  15. Apple Rootstocks • M.27 – 15-20% dwarfing (3-4’) very compact bush, poorly anchored • M.9 – 25-30% dwarfing (8’), susceptable to FB • Bud 9 – 25-30% dwarfing (8’), FB resistant, very cold hardy* • G.16 – 25-30% dwarfing (8’), strong FB resistance* • M.26 – 40-50% dwarfing (10’) very common, disease probs. • G.11 – 40-50% dwarfing (10’) strong FB resistance* • G.30 – 50-60% dwarfing (12’) very cold hardy, FB resistance • M.7 – 55-65% dwarfing (12-14’) good FB resistance, not super cold hardy)* • MM.106, 14-18’(adaptable to many soils, FB probs.)

  16. Cherry Rootstocks • Gisela 5 – 50% dwarfing, sweet cherry, very precocious, good availability • Gisela 12 – 70% dwarfing, sweet cherry, precocious, limited availability • Gisela 6 – 80% dwarfing, sweet cherry, good availability • Mahaleb – 90% dwarfing, best stock for tart cherry, drought and cold hardy • Mazzard – 100%, best full-size for sweet cherry, also used for tart where soils are heavy and/or wet

  17. Plum Rootstocks • Myrobalan – 100%, strong, well-anchored. Adapted to diverse soils • Pixy – 60% dwarfing (about 9-10’), small fruit • Krymsk 1 – 50% dwarfing (about 8’), very cold-hardy, precocious, big fruit • PumiSelect – 30-50% dwarfing, not compatible with all varieties, Prunuspumila

  18. Peach Rootstocks • Seedlings • Lovell (most common in Palisade-area orchards) • Bailey (slightly more cold-hardy than others) • Halford (better on high pH soils)

  19. Pear Rootstocks • Bartlett seedling – 100%, most common pear stock worldwide • Provence Quince – 50-65% dwarfing, high yielding, adapted to calcareous soils, winter tender, FB probs. • OHxF 97 – 90-100%, cold-hardy, FB resistant • OHxF 333 – 50-60%, cold hardy, FB resistant • OHxF 51 – 25-30%, cold hardy, FB resistant

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