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Gregory explained visual illusions by claiming that we are tricked into using cues in an image to perceive depth when it’s not actually there. This makes us scale some bits of the image up and other bits down but that makes us ‘guess’ wrongly about what’s happening in the picture. Misapplying the depth cues (assuming that a 2D image is actually 3D) makes things appear to be different sizes when in fact they’re not. The Ponzo, Muller-Lyer and Hering illusions can all be explained like this.