American History One Unit Three

1. American History One Unit Three The Federalist Era

2. EQ: How did executive, legislative, and judicial decisions increase federal power and authority?

3. George Washington, first president • Served 2 terms- 1789-1797 • No party affiliation • Was a staunch supporter of the Constitution (Federalist) • Former commander of the Continental Army and presiding officer of the Constitutional Convention

5. President Washington needed help executing the law • Congress created four executive departments: State, Treasury, War, and Office of Attorney General • Department of State: T. Jefferson • Department of War: H. Knox • Department of Treasury: A. Hamilton • Office of Attorney General: E. Randolph

6. Department of State • Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State • -conduct relationships with foreign nations • -keeper of all federal documents

7. Department of War • General Henry Knox, Secretary of Defense • -organize and administer the Army of the United States under the command of President Washington

8. Department of the Treasury • -Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury • -collect government revenue • -administer government expenditures • -aid the president in developing a national financial (economic) plan

9. The Department of Justice • -Edmund Randolph, Attorney General • -prosecute violators of federal law • -represent the United States in civil proceedings

10. Washington held regular meetings with the executive department heads to listen to advice • These meetings became the President’s cabinet

11. Judiciary Act of 1789 • Created 13 District Courts • 3 Appellate Courts • The Supreme Court • Federal judges • Appointed by Washington • Confirmed by the Senate • John Jay, first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

12. Congress acts to fulfill promise to Anti-federalists, pushed by James Madison • Basis of the Bill of Rights • Va. Declaration of Rights (G. Mason 1776) • Va. Statute for Religious Freedom (T. Jefferson, 1786) • Sept. 1789 Congress approves 12 amendments • 10 ratified by the states, go into effect 1791 • 1-8 protect citizens from the government • 9, citizens have rights not listed • 10, powers not given to federal government, nor denied to the states, reserved for the states

13. 1789 financial problems for the government • Lack of revenue • 2 plans to increase revenue • James Madison: • Raise $ by taxing imports: Tariff of 1789 • Importers pay tax based on % of the value of cargo when landed in U.S. • Shippers pay tonnage-tax based on amount of cargo their ships could carry • Response to Tariff of 1789 • South: planters pay more to ship tobacco, rice, & cotton, pay more for imported goods, government not looking out for the best interest of the South

14. Alexander Hamilton • Supported Tariff of 1789 • Wanted the government to be able to borrow $ • 1790-went to Congress to get repayment of Bonds sold to finance Revolutionary War at face value • 1789 $40 million in debt to citizens and $11.7 million in debt to France, Spain, & the Netherlands • Fear of non-payment had lowered value to 10 cents on the dollar • Repay full value, wealthy creditors, bankers, and merchants who held bonds would have a vested interest in the success of the government and confident in financial security would lend $ in the future • Opposition to Hamilton’s Plan • Madison and group in Congress, plan unfair to farmers and veterans who had sold bonds to speculators for fear of non-payment • Most of the bond holders in the North and tax dollars to repay debt would come mostly from the South • Foreigners who held bonds would control government decision making

15. July 1790, Hamilton, Madison, and Jefferson convince southern members of Congress to support the plan • In return for support relocate capital from New York City to District of Columbia • Southern Congressional members hoped move would weaken Northern strength in Congress

16. Government now has the ability to borrow $ • Hamilton goes to Congress to have National Bank created • Manage debt and interest payments • Bank issue bank notes = paper money • National currency important • Promote trade • Investment • Spur economic growth

18. Southern opposition: • Northern merchants own most of the Bank’s stock • Opposition by Madison: • The creation of the National Bank was not an enumerated power of the federal government • Congress passes a bill to create the National Bank • Bill goes to G. Washington to sign or veto • E. Randolph and T. Jefferson opposed, no constitutional power to create the bank • A. Hamilton: • Under necessary and proper clause (implied powers), Congress may make laws to carry out its’ stated duties • Bank necessary to collect taxes, regulate trade, and provide for the common defense • A. Hamilton convinces Washington to sign the bill • 1791 First Bank of the United States authorized for a period of 20 years

19. Whiskey Rebellion • Video clip

20. A. Hamilton wants to exercise the power of the national government to directly tax the citizens • 1791 Congress passed a tax on the manufacture of whiskey • Opposition in the West to the Whiskey Tax • Bank notes and coins not in great abundance in the west, whiskey was the medium of exchange • Spain had closed the Mississippi River • Whiskey was the most efficient way to grain to eastern markets • Western complaints immediately after passage of the tax • Summer of 1794 rebellion in the West • Western Pa., farmers harass tax collectors, disrupt court, rob the mail, destroyed the stills of farmers who paid the tax • Hamilton pushed Washington to show the power of the government by sending troops to put down the rebellion • Washington sent 12,000 troops, troops arrive, farmers go home, no armed conflict • Use of troops against the citizens concerned many

21. EQ: Why did political parties form? • Video Clip • Disagreement over Hamilton’s financial plan led to a split in Congress • This gave rise to the creation of political parties • Federalists: • Supported Hamilton • Democratic-Republicans: • Led by Jefferson and Madison • Often called Republicans by 1800 called Democrats • Not the same as the present day Republican Party

22. Hamilton and the Federalist Party: • Strong national government • Democracy dangerous to liberty, people can not make valid judgments • Put government in the hands of the rich • Manufacturing and trade are the basis of national wealth and power, government policies should favor these areas of the economy • Federalist support: • Artisans, merchants, manufacturers, bankers, some urban workers, and eastern farmers who benefited financially from trade

23. Jefferson’s Democratic-Republican Party • Strength of the U.S. from independent farmers (agrarianism) • Land ownership would lead to independence, if most people owned land they would fight to preserve the Republic • Too much emphasis on trade would split the people, the rich who owned everything and the poor who worked for wages • The wealthy would corrupt the government and take away the liberties of the common man • Supported agriculture over trade • Hamilton’s policies favored the North • Stood for states’ rights against the power of the federal government

24. Political parties divided the nation regionally • The rural South and West supported the Democratic-Republicans • The urban Northeast supported the Federalists

25. EQ: How did the French Revolution test the neutrality of the U.S. ? • Washington had trouble with both Spain and Great Britain in the West • New Spain grew quickly in the 1780s • Spain controlled Louisiana, expanded in California, took the Gulf Coast, regain Florida in from Britain in the Treaty of Paris- claimed present day Tennessee, Alabama, and Mississippi • Spain controlled both sides of the Mississippi River- closed the river to American shipping- hurts inland farmers who used the Mississippi to transport products

26. Loyalists who had left the U.S. after the Revolution, settled in an area north of lakes Ontario and Erie • Hostile to the new nation, 1791 British Parliament passed the Canada Act, created Upper Canada- gave Loyalists limited self-government in the province • To protect Upper Canada, British troops remained at forts in American territory, like Detroit • British supplied Native Americans with arms to create a buffer to American expansion • British soldiers constructed Fort Miami, west of Lake Erie well within US territory

27. 1789 Washington takes office French Revolution begins • Popular support in U.S. for the French Revolution, struggle for freedom like American Revolution • 1793, French Revolution controlled by radicals, took property from the rich, killed thousands including the King and Queen of France (beheadings) • French declare war on Great Britain • U.S. caught in the middle

28. Division in U.S. over which side to support • Federalist opposed the French support because of the violence • Democratic-Republicans support French in their fight for freedom • Treaty of 1778 required U.S. defend French colonies in the Caribbean • Washington follows terms of the treaty bring U.S. to war with Great Britain • Issued a Proclamation of Neutrality: • U.S. remain impartial in dealing with both France and Britain, take no sides in the war in Europe

29. Washington had to deal with a French ambassador by the name of Edmund Genet • Large American crowds greeted him as he travelled America • Asked for contributions, gave commissions authorizing American privateering raids against the British • Majority of Americans harbored ill feelings towards the British, expressed sympathy for republican France • Hamilton wanted to continue commercial relations with Britain, feared anti-aristocratic violence in France • Washington empathized with Hamilton but wanted to preserve American independence and neutrality

30. Washington had to act before Citizen Genet compromised American sovereignty and involved the U.S. in a war with Britain issued a Proclamation of Neutrality: • U.S. remain impartial in dealing with both France and Britain, take no sides in the war in Europe • Genet demanded Washington call a special session of Congress to debate neutrality-Jefferson denounced Genet as hot headed and indecent towards the President- Jefferson early support of Genet and the French cost him his position in Washington’s administration- he left by the end of 1793

31. Political upheaval in France removed Genet’s party form power and he was recalled to France • Afraid of the guillotine, Genet claimed sanctuary in the U.S. • While he was popular Genet made the Federalist division of Washington, Hamilton and conservative principles and the group supporting Jefferson, Madison, democracy, and the French Revolution

32. EQ: How did international trade policies and treaties shape foreign policy and sectional interests? • U. S. has trouble with Britain even with the Proclamation of Neutrality • Britain stops all neutral ships carrying cargo to French ports • British stir up Native populations in America from British forts in American territory • Congress considers war with Great Britain • Washington in order to avoid war send John Jay to Britain to work out a solution • Britain knew U.S. needed British trade, used this to their advantage • Jay acknowledged the right of Britain to seize cargo going to French ports • Jay unable to get compensation for merchants who lost cargo • Britain did agree to go through international arbitration • Gave the U.S. most-favored nation status • American merchants no longer face discrimination in trade with Britain and gained limited access with British colonies in the Caribbean

33. Jay’s Treaty goes to the U.S. Senate for ratification • Senate shocked at the terms, tried to keep the terms from the public • Terms leaked and the Democratic-Republicans accuse the Federalists of being pro-British • Citizens unhappy with the treaty, Washington put the treaty into effect • Jay’s Treaty did prevent war with Britain

34. Jay’s Treaty did help U.S. in talks with Spain • Spain controlled Florida and the area west of the Mississippi • 1795 Spain and France allies in war with Britain • Jay’s Treaty caused concern with Spain the U.S. and Britain would work together to seize Spanish holdings in America • Spain receptive to negotiations with the U.S. • Thomas Pinckney form S.C. met with Spanish representatives in 1795 • Spain signs the Treaty of San Lorenzo (Pinckney’s Treaty) • U.S. gains right to navigate the Mississippi River • U.S. gains the right of deposit in New Orleans • Treaty generally accepted in U.S. benefitted Western farmers, use Mississippi River to get crops to market

35. Washington and Native American Problems • 1790 Appalachian Mts. Fastest growing region • Plenty of land • Fertile soil • Wide rivers • Plentiful fish and game • 1792 Kentucky gains statehood • 1796 Tennessee gains statehood • Migration of people west into the area from Pa. and Va. • Influx of white settlers cause conflict with Native Americans • Little Turtle, chief of the Miami tribe in the Northwest territory created a confederacy of the Miami, Shawnee, Delaware and other tribes to defend land from white encroachment • 1790 Little Turtle defeats American troops under Gen. Josiah Harmer • 1791 Little Turtle defeats Gen. Arthur St. Clair, killing 50% of his troops • 1794 Battle of Fallen Timbers, Gen. Anthony Wayne defeats a force of Shawnee, Ottawa, Chippewa, and Potawatomi warriors led by Blue Jacket • Ends Native resistance in the Northwest Territory • 1795 Treaty of Greenville, Native Americans give up area in part of present day Ohio in exchange for an annual payment of $10,000, also gave up land near present day Chicago, Detroit, and Vincennes, Indiana • Treaty of Greenville signals increase in white settlement in the West

36. WASHINGTON’S FAREWELL ADDRESS • Letter to the American people as he left office • Issued a warning to the people • Avoid: • Sectionalism • Political parties • Entangling alliances with other nations

37. EQ: How did maritime trade interests test American neutrality and lead to an undeclared naval war? • First real election in American history • Candidates: • John Adams (Federalist) • Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Republican) • Jefferson got support from those who were upset over Jay’s Treaty • Close election, Adams 71 electoral votes, Jefferson 68 electoral votes • John Adams second president

38. PROBLEMS FOR ADAMS • French upset over Jay Treaty, stop American ships and seize cargo headed to British ports • Federalists call for war with France • Adams wanted to avoid war • Sent Charles Pinckney, John Marshall,& Elbridge Gerry to France • French representatives demand bribes before the talks could start- XYZ Affair • Citizens now angry with France instead of Britain • 1798 Congress stops trade with France and told American Navy to capture armed French ships • U.S. in an undeclared naval war with France = the Quasi-War • U.S. and France sign the Convention of 1800, U.S. gave up claims against France for damages to American shipping and France released the U.S. from the Treaty of 1778, Quasi-War ends

39. EQ: How were American civil liberties impacted by war and conflict? • Federalists who resented criticisms printed in Democratic-republican newspapers over the pro-British Jay Treaty, now could criticize Democratic-Republicans over pro-French views with the Quasi-War • Congressional Federalists push through four laws, the Alien and Sedition Acts • First three aimed at aliens, most new immigrants from France and Ireland, anti-British, voted Democratic-Republican when naturalized • 1st law, 14 year waiting period to become a citizen, weakens Democratic-Republican base • Next two gave the President the authority to deport an alien without a trial if they were declared dangerous to the U.S. • Fourth law banned sedition, federal crime to utter or print any criticism of public officials • 15 indicted under the Sedition Act, several were Democratic-Republican newspaper editors and politicians

40. EQ: How did Southerner’s and politicians defend state’s rights and the idea of nullification? • Va. and Ky. Resolutions were secretly written by Madison and Jefferson in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts • States created the Constitution, had the power to declare federal law unconstitutional • Va. Resolution: theory of interposition, state could step in between the federal government and the people to protect them from illegal actions • Ky. Resolution: theory of nullification, federal government passes a law that is unconstitutional, states had a right to nullify the law, declare it invalid • Neither resolution had much effect, was used later to defend regional interests

41. EQ: How did the Election of 1800 change American politics and society? • John Adams runs for re-election • T. Jefferson runs against Adams • Public upset with Alien and Sedition Acts, taxes on houses, land, and slaves • Jefferson runs with Aaron Burr as V.P. • Campaign issues: • Federalist taxation • National Bank • Close election, Electoral College cast one vote for President and one for Vic-President, to stop a tie between Jefferson and Burr, Democratic-Republicans wanted one elector not to vote for Burr • Jefferson and Burr tied at 73, no majority election goes to the House of Representatives (controlled by Federalists) • Hamilton urged the House to support Jefferson • Tie in the House, Jefferson promises not to dismiss all Federalist appointees and not change Hamilton’s financial program • Representative James Bayard cast a blank ballot and Jefferson got the majority • 1800 the Federalists controlled the army, the presidency, and Congress • Federalist could have refused to step down and destroyed the Constitution • Respected the right of the people to choose a President • Peaceful transition of power

42. Jefferson referred to his election as the Revolution of 1800 • Jefferson felt that Washington and Adams had acted like royalty • Created a less formal style of presidency • Rode horseback, small dinners • New style no major change to existing Federalist policy • Attempted to integrate D-R ideas into Federalist policies • Wanted: • Smaller government, limit federal power • Paid down the national debt • Cut spending • Repealed the whiskey tax • No standing army, relied on local militia • Federalist afraid Jefferson’s economic policy would do away with the National Bank • Jefferson appointed Albert Gallatin as the Secretary of the Treasury, a Hamilton supporter

43. JEFFERSON AND THE COURT • Federalist Congressional majority passed the Judiciary Act of 1801 at the end of their term • Created 16 new federal judgeships • Adams appointed Federalists to the positions • Adams signed appointments until midnight of his last day in office = midnight judges • Jefferson and D-Rs in Congress angry over Federalist control of the Courts • Congress tried to repeal the Judiciary Act of 1801, do away with midnight judges by eliminating the positions • Attempted to remove judges through impeachment • 1804 impeached Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase • Chase had called for the removal of those persons or creatures called Democrats from the jury, spoke badly of Jefferson to another jury • Senate did not convict Chase, actions though uncalled for did not meet the Constitutional requirement for impeachment

44. MARBURY v. MADISON • Prior to leaving office, Adams appointed John Marshall Chief Justice of the Supreme Court • Marshall turns the Court into the most powerful independent branch of the government • 1803, Marbury v. Madison comes before the Supreme Court • William Marbury, midnight appointee as justice of the peace in Washington, D.C., had not received his confirmation papers before Adams left office • Secretary of State Madison was to deliver confirmation papers, Jefferson told Madison to hold the papers, hoped Marbury would quit and Jefferson could appoint a D-R • Marbury asked the Court for a writ of mandamus, force Madison to deliver the papers • Based on the Judiciary Act of 1789, requests for federal court orders go directly to the Supreme Court • Court agreed with Marshall the Court could not issue the writ of mandamus • Supreme Court did not have original jurisdiction the Constitution gave the Court only appellate jurisdiction • Section 13 of the Judiciary Act was unconstitutional, making it invalid • Court claimed the power of Judicial Review, power to decide if laws passed by Congress were constitutional, if not the Court could strike them down

45. LOUISIANA PURCHASE • 1800 Napoleon convinced Spain to return Louisiana to France in exchange for French aide to help Spain take part of Italy • Jefferson realized France now controls the lower Mississippi River • Could force the U.S. into alliance with Britain, whom Jefferson disliked • 1801, Jefferson had the U.S. ambassador to France Robert Livingston try to block the deal • Limited success until 1803 • Napoleon in his conquest of Europe did not want a U.S. British alliance, France low on funds • Napoleon offers to sell Louisiana to the U.S. • Livingston accepts the offer • April 30,1803 U.S. buys Louisiana for $11.25 million and took on French debts to U.S. citizens for $3.75 million, total cost of Louisiana $15 million • Senate ratified the Louisiana Purchase, doubled size of U.S. and gave U.S. sole control of the Mississippi River

46. Jefferson asked Congress to fund an exploration of the territory before the La. became part of the U.S. • Goal: • Trace the Missouri river to find a water route to the Pacific Ocean • Named Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to lead the expedition • May 1804 the Corps of Discovery headed west up the Missouri River • Along the way met Sacagawea, a Shoshone who acted as a guide and interpreter • Found a route through the Rocky Mts., traced the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean • Made detailed maps as they went • Maps increased knowledge of the Louisiana Territory, used by settlers to the region • Expedition allowed U.S. to claim the Oregon Territory

47. PIKE EXPEDITION • 1805, Zebulon Pike explored the upper Mississippi region • West to the headwaters of the Arkansas River, Colorado- Pike’s Peak • Mapped the Rio Grande River • Northern Mexico • Southern Texas • Written accounts, detailed description of the Great Plains and the Rocky Mts.

48. ESSEX JUNTO • Northern Federalist fear a loss of political power as new territories in the La. Purchase become states • The South and West would gain political power • Group of Massachusetts Federalists known as the Essex Junto planned the secession of New England and wanted New York to join in the secession • Talked to the V.P. Aaron Burr about running for governor of N.Y. in 1804 • Hamilton called Burr a dangerous man, not to be trusted with the reigns of government during the campaign • Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel • Hamilton accepted but would not fire • Burr shot and killed Hamilton July 11, 1804

49. JEFFERSON AND FOREIGN AFFAIRS • Jefferson tries to keep U.S. out of the war in Europe during his second term • Early years of the war American merchants benefit economically • British begin to seize French ships • American merchants trade with French colonies in the Caribbean • British do not seize American ships due to the claim of neutrality • 1806 British issue the Orders of Council • All ships going to Europe need British licenses, they are searched for contraband • Napoleon ordered all ships obeying the Orders of Council have their cargos seized when they reach Europe • Americans in the middle, lose goods shipped to Europe • French and British practice of seizing American goods causes extreme concern in the U.S. • The British policy of impressment (British claim the right to stop American ships and look for deserters and force them back into military service) upsets Americans, many impressed were American

50. June 1807, British warship the Leopold stopped the American warship the Chesapeake to search for deserters, Captain of the Chesapeake refused to let the British board his ship, the Leopold fires on the Chesapeake, killed three, boarded and seized four sailors • Attack of the Chesapeake renew the call for war • Jefferson did not want involvement in European affairs • To reduce the risk of war Jefferson asked Congress to pass the Embargo Act of 1807 • Halt all trade between the U.S. and Europe • In reality the Embargo Act hurt the U.S. much more than France or Britain • Hurt the shipping business in the Northeast, Southern and Western farmers experienced a decrease in demand for their crops • The Embargo Act cost the Democratic-Republican party support • Embargo Act repealed March 1809, just before Jefferson left office • Embargo left Jefferson as an unpopular president, he did limit the power of the government, and acquired new lands in the West