What does it take to be alive

1. What does it take to be alive

2. Must have the chemicals of life • These are organic chemicals containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen as well as others (nitrogen, sulfer) • These make up cells and organelles and help the organism to carry out life functions

3. Must use energy • There are two classifications of organisms based on how they use energy. • Autotroph – these organisms produce their own food. Plants, algae and some bacteria can take energy, combine it with water and carbon dioxide and make sugar. • Heterotroph- these organisms must take in energy produced by other organisms, they cannot produce their own. Humans, animals, basically everything that is not plants, algae or bacteria.

4. Must respond to their surroundings • Animals have sensory organs, eyes, ears, nerves to help them sense and respond to their environment. • Plants have TROPISMS or chemical responses to their environment. • Phototropism – move to face light • Thigmotropism – respond to touch – grow around a branch • Gravitropism – roots sense gravity and grow towards it or down

5. Show growth and development • Two types of growth • Determinate – grow to a genetic limit – people, animals • Indeterminate – keep growing as long as they are living – plants

6. Reproduction • Two types of reproduction • Sexual – the offsprings DNA is different than its parents. Egg and sperm combine to produce a new unique individual. Each parent contributes 50% of the new organisms DNA. Humans, most animals. • Asexual – budding, or binary fission. The organism has exactly the same DNA as parents it is a clone. Part of a plant breaking off and growing roots. Bacteria dividing into two.

7. Made of cells • All living things are made up of cells which are the basic unit of life.

8. Classification Ways of grouping animals by common characteristics to make them easier to study.

9. Classification Hierarchy • Domain- contains 3 groups really big • Kingdom- 4 groups contains many phyla smaller • Phylum- contains many classes smaller • Class- contains many orders smaller • Order- contains many families smaller • Family- contains many genus’s smaller • Genus – contains several species smaller • Species- contains only 1 specific animal smallest grouping

10. Domain – • The largest division organisms fall into 3 categories

11. Domain Archea • Usually single celled organisms that do not have a membrane bound nucleus • Found in extreme environments

12. Domain Bacteria • Usually single celled organisms that do not have a membrane bound nucleus • Have Peptidoglycan in cell membrane • Includes kingdom Monera – many microorganisms

13. Domain Eukarya • Usually multicelled organisms that have a membrane nucleus • Includes the following kingdoms

14. Kingdom • Domains are broken into groups called Kingdoms. In Domain Eukarya there are 4 Kingdoms • Animals • Plants • Protists • Fungi

15. Plant Kingdom • MulticellularAutotrophs (make their own food) With cell walls. • Two Main groups • Vascular plants • Nonvascular plants

16. Fungi Kingdom • Multicellularheterotrophs • Three groups • Sac fungi- yeast, morels, truffles • Club fungi- mushroom, bracket fungi, rusts • Zygote fungi- fruit and bread molds

17. Protist Kingdom • These organisms don’t fit in any other kingdom and have been grouped together. • They can be either single celled or multi cellular • includes 3 groups • plant like protists- algae, kelp • animal like protists- amoeba, paramecium, euglena • fungi like protists- slime molds, water mold, downy mildew

18. Animal Kingdom • Multicellularheterotrophs • Phylum • Invertebrates- many diverse phyla • Chordata– (only 1 phylum) • dorsal hollow nerve cord • Notocord • Gill slits

19. Six main groups • Arthropods – insects, shell fish, shrimp • Mammals- what we normally consider animals • Birds- usually have wings, • Fish- usually live in the water • Reptiles- 4 legged, usually land dwelling • Amphibians – live part of life as an aquatic animal with gills