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MODELLING OF DEFORMATION AND DAMAGE OF SPECIMENS UNDER STATIC AND DYNAMIC LOADING

MODELLING OF DEFORMATION AND DAMAGE OF SPECIMENS UNDER STATIC AND DYNAMIC LOADING Kondryakov E.A., Lenzion S.V., and Kharchenko V.V. Schematic of the investigations performed. Tensile tests of smooth cylindrical specimens. True stress-strain diagram.

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MODELLING OF DEFORMATION AND DAMAGE OF SPECIMENS UNDER STATIC AND DYNAMIC LOADING

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  1. MODELLING OF DEFORMATION AND DAMAGE OF SPECIMENS UNDER STATIC AND DYNAMIC LOADING Kondryakov E.A., Lenzion S.V., and Kharchenko V.V.

  2. Schematic of the investigations performed Tensile tests of smooth cylindrical specimens True stress-strain diagram Numericalmodelling of tensile tests of smooth cylindrical specimens Numerical modelling of Charpy impact tests GTN model parameters Comparison of the results obtained Charpy impact tests

  3. Specimens used To determine the GTN model parameters, specimens of steel 45 model material were tested in uniaxial tension. Two types of specimens were used: a smooth cylindrical specimen and a specimen with a stress concentrator.

  4. Computation scheme for the problem In the computation finite element schemethe specimen geometry is identicalto that of a full-scale specimen used in the experiment. The computation scheme also includes the loading system gripping unit with the boundary conditions applied. The computation scheme of this kind makes it possible to take into account the effects of the specimen elasto-plastic deformation in the region of transition from the specimen gauge lengthto its gripped ends.

  5. Evolution of the smooth cylindrical specimen deformation in the course of modelling The size and shape of the finite elements in the region of necking influence the calculated stress-strain state. The choice in this domain of finite elements of rectangular shape elongated in cross direction affords obtaining more accurate results.

  6. Smooth cylindrical specimen The stress-strain curves obtained by the finite element modellingagree fairly well with the experimental curves. It is shown that when the computations involve the use of the GTN-model, the specimen stress-strain curves come closer to the experimental curves than in the case of a conventional elasto-plastic model.

  7. Specimen with an R2 stress concentrator The GTN-model parameters obtained by numerical modelling of a smooth specimen allow a fairly good description of a specimen with a stress concentratorup to the instant of crack initiation.

  8. Drop-weight impact testing machine Dynamic testing of Charpy specimens were performed with the use of a drop-weight instrumented impact machine designed and manufactured at the G.S. Pisarenko Institute for Problems of Strength.

  9. Design of the drop-weight impact machine supports Standard Charpy specimen Standard Charpy V-notched specimens were used for tests. Steel 45 was used as a model material. To obtain more accurate results, the supports were designed with special recesses on its sides.

  10. Schematic of logging data on specimen loadingin impact three-point bend tests Characteristics of ADC NuDAQ PCI 9812/10 Number of input/output channels - 4 Maximum sampling frequency- 20 МHz Precision - 12 bit Analog input range - ±5 В or ±1 В trigger- analog/digital For these tests a multi-channel system was developed for high-speed recording of time variation of forces on the striker and supports and of strains and temperatures, the information for whichis transmitted via an amplification unit and analog-to-digital conversion card to a PC where it is processed with the use of a special program and storedin a tabular and/or graphical form convenient for further analysis.

  11. U, mV t, s a U, mV t, s b The record of load on the impact machine supports in tests of Charpy specimens: a – steelSt 45, b – a portion of the signal from Fig. a increased in time, which corresponds to a crack jump (a region marked by a dashed line). Owing to high-speed operation of the system,the region of a drastic drop in the load related to brittle fracture and crack propagationcan be increased on the time scale (200 points per 20s). This allows us to analyze the peculiarities of load variation during brittle fracture of a specimen and evaluate the crack growth rate. For the given example, the average rate is ~250 m/s.

  12. Striker Specimen Support Problem computation scheme and a fragment of thefinite element partitioning in the notch region The finite element method-based computations were performedin a dynamical coupledthermomechanical statement for a 2D computation model for the material plane-strain state. Special attention was paid to the finite-element partitioning of bodies, particularly in the stress concentrator zone. The latter affects very much the computation accuracy. The minimum size of a finite element was 0.016 mm.

  13. Strain rate distribution in the specimen central section at the tip of a notch (or crack of length а) at the loading rate V=5 m/sat the instant of time: 1 – t=0.1s, 2 - 0.3 s, 3 - 0.5 s, 4 - 1.0 s (1,2 – without a crack; 3,4 – with a crack). It has been found that in impact tests of Charpy specimensthe maximum strain rate at the notch root changes almost linearlywith the loading rate in the 1-10 m/srangeand isequal to 1800÷2500s-1 for a specimen of steel 45 atV =5 m/s. With the material damage and crackpropagation taken into account, the maximum strain ratedecreases appreciably – down to 400÷700 s-1.

  14. 2 2′ 1 1′ 7 4 3 6 2 1 а b Temperature distribution in the specimen central sectionat the notch tip for the loading rate V=5 m/s: а) – in adiabatic heating (1, 2) and with allowance forheat propagation (1′, 2′), b) – at different instants of time A considerable heating up of the material during deformation is concentrated in a small (of the order of 0.1 mm) region at the notch (crack) tip. Consideration of the material damage and heat propagation decrease appreciably the maximum value of the temperature increase.

  15. Experiment Computation The results obtained from numerical and experimental modelling coincide qualitatively. The slide illustrates crack propagation in the computation model and in a real specimen, as well аs corresponding diagrams. A decrease in the load after reachingFmax is associated with a ductile crack growth.

  16. Conclusions • A method of performing static tests of smooth specimens and specimens with stress concentrators in uniaxial tensionand dynamic tests of Charpy specimens with logging of the results has been developed, tried out, and refined. • A method of numerical modelling has been developed and refined, computation schemes have been constructed. • When analyzing changes in the specimen fracture mode in the course of testing, one should take into account heating up of the material at the tip of the stress concentrator.

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