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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. CHAPTER 16: Solid and Hazardous Waste. Core Case Study: Electronic Waste . What is electronic waste or e-waste ? Fastest growing category of waste ____% recyclable Contains toxic materials. Fig. 16-1, p. 403. Wasting Resources (1). Solid Waste

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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

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  1. ENVIRONMENTALSCIENCE CHAPTER 16:Solid and Hazardous Waste

  2. Core Case Study: Electronic Waste • What is electronic waste or e-waste? • Fastest growing category of waste • ____% recyclable • Contains toxic materials

  3. Fig. 16-1, p. 403

  4. Wasting Resources (1) • Solid Waste • Industrial solid waste __________________ __________________ __________________ • Municipal solid waste __________________ __________________

  5. Wasting Resources (2) • Hazardous or toxic waste • Threatens human health or environment • Poisonous • Reactive • Corrosive • Flammable • Developed countries produce ________%

  6. Wasting Resources (3) • Solid waste and hazardous waste • About ____ unnecessary resource waste • Create air & water pollution, land degradation

  7. What Harmful Chemicals Are in Your Home? Cleaning Gardening Disinfectants Pesticides Drain, toilet, and window cleaners Weed killers Ant and rodent killers Spot removers Flea powders Septic tank cleaners Paint Products Paints, stains, varnishes, and lacquers Paint thinners, solvents, and strippers Automotive Wood preservatives Gasoline Artist paints and inks Used motor oil General Antifreeze Dry-cell batteries (mercury and cadmium) Battery acid Brake and transmission fluid Glues and cements Stepped Art Fig. 16-2, p. 405

  8. Fig. 16-3, p. 405

  9. Case Study:Solid Waste in the United States • Produces ____ of world’s solid waste • Mining, agricultural, industrial: _____% • Municipal solid waste: _____% • High-waste economy • Examples?

  10. sustainable approach to solid waste • Waste management • Waste reduction • reduce it! • Integrated waste management • then reuse or recycle it • & safely dispose of what is left

  11. Raw materials Processing and manufacturing Products Waste generated by households and businesses Solid and hazardous wastes generated during the manufacturing process Remaining mixed waste Hazardous waste Food/yard waste Plastic Glass Metal Paper Hazardous waste management To manufacturers for reuse or for recycling Compost Landfill Incinerator Fertilizer Fig. 16-4, p. 407

  12. First Priority Second Priority Last Priority Primary Pollution and Waste Prevention Waste Management Second Pollution and Waste Prevention • Change industrial process to eliminate use of harmful chemicals • Use less of a harmful product • Reduce packaging and materials in products • Make products that last longer and are recyclable, reusable, or easy to repair • Treat waste to reduce toxicity • Incinerate waste • Bury waste in landfills • Release waste into environment for dispersal or dilution • Reuse • Repair • Recycle • Compost • Buy reusable and recyclable products Stepped Art Fig. 16-5, p. 407

  13. Fig. 16-6, p. 408

  14. Science Focus: Garbology • Garbologists • Like archaeologists • Trash persists for decades

  15. Why Is Reusing and Recycling Materials So Important? Reusing items: • decreases use of matter & energy resources • reduces pollution & natural capital degradation • recycling does so to a lesser degree

  16. Reuse • Reuse as a form of waste reduction • Salvaging • Yard sales, flea markets, secondhand stores, auctions, newspaper ads, Craigslist, ebay • Technology: rechargeable batteries • Refillable containers and cloth bags

  17. Fig. 16-7, p. 409

  18. 5 major types of materials can be recycled • ________________________ • ________________________ • ________________________ • ________________________ • ________________________

  19. Recycling • Primary (closed-loop) recycling • Secondary recycling • Pre-consumer (internal) waste • Post-consumer (external) waste • Feasibility and marketing

  20. MixedvsSeparate Household Recycling • Material recovery facilities (MRF) ___________________________ • Source separation • By households and businesses • ______________________________________________________________________

  21. Composting • Decomposing bacteria • Household composting • Organic waste collection facilities • Successful large-scale composting

  22. Individuals Matter: Recycling Plastics • _____% plastics recycled • MBA Polymers, Inc – commercial recycling process • Mike Biddle and Trip Allen, co-founders • Pellets cheaper than virgin plastics • More environmentally friendly

  23. Trade-Offs Recycling Advantages Disadvantages Reduces air and water pollution Saves energy Reduces mineral demand Reduces greenhouse gas emissions Reduces solid waste production and disposal Helps protect biodiversity Can save landfill space Important part of economy Can cost more than burying in areas with ample landfill space May lose money for items such as glass and some plastics Reduces profits for landfill and incinerator owners Source separation is inconvenient for some people Fig. 16-8, p. 411

  24. Science Focus: Bioplastics • Most plastics are organic polymers produced from petrochemicals • Bioplastics made from plant materials • Biodegradable • Composting

  25. Encouraging Reuse & Recycling • Market prices must reflect true costs • Even economic playing field: _____________________________ • Stabilize prices for recycled materials • _______________________________ • ______________________________

  26. Electricity Smokestack Turbine Steam Crane Electrostatic precipitator Generator Wet scrubber Furnace Boiler Water added Waste pit Dirty water Bottom ash Conveyor Fly ash Ash for treatment, disposal in landfill, or use as landfill cover Fig. 16-9, p. 413

  27. Trade-Offs Incineration Disadvantages Advantages Expensive to build Costs more than short-distance hauling to landfills Difficult to site because of citizen opposition Some air pollution and CO2 emissions Older or poorly managed facilities can release large amounts of air pollution Output approach that encourages waste production Can compete with recycling for burnable materials such as newspaper Reduces trash volume Less need for landfills Low water pollution Concentrates hazardous substances into ash for burial Sale of energy reduces cost Modern controls reduce air pollution Some facilities recover and sell metals Fig. 16-10, p. 414

  28. Burying Solid Wastes • Open dumps • Sanitary landfills • Leachates

  29. When landfill is full, layers of soil and clay seal in trash Topsoil Sand Methane storage and compressor building Clay Electricity generator building Leachate treatment system Garbage Probes to detect methane leaks Methane gas recovery well Pipes collect explosive methane for use as fuel to generate electricity Leachate storage tank Compacted solid waste Groundwater monitoring well Leachate pipes Garbage Leachate pumped up to storage tank for safe disposal Sand Synthetic liner Leachate monitoring well Groundwater Sand Clay and plastic lining to prevent leaks; pipes collect leachate from bottom of landfill Clay Subsoil Fig. 16-11, p. 414

  30. Trade-Offs Sanitary Landfills Advantages Disadvantages No open burning Noise and traffic Little odor Dust Air pollution from toxic gases and trucks Low groundwater pollution if sited properly Can be built quickly Releases greenhouse gases (methane and CO2) unless they are collected Low operating costs Can handle large amounts of waste Slow decomposition of wastes Output approach that encourages waste production Filled land can be used for other purposes Eventually leaks and can contaminate groundwater No shortage of landfill space in many areas Fig. 16-12, p. 415

  31. Produce Less Hazardous Waste Convert to Less Hazardous or Nonhazardous Substances Put in Perpetual Storage • Change industrial processes to reduce or eliminate hazardous waste production • Recycle and reuse hazardous waste • Natural decomposition • Incineration • Thermal treatment • Chemical, physical, and biological treatment • Dilution in air or water • Landfill • Underground injection wells • Surface impoundments • Underground salt formations Integrated hazardous waste management Stepped Art Fig. 16-13, p. 415

  32. Detoxifying Hazardous Waste • Bioremediation • Phytoremediation • Incineration • Plasma arc torch

  33. Storing Hazardous Waste • Deep-well disposal __________________________________________ • Surface impoundments • ______ % in U.S. have _______________________ • ______ % may threaten ______________________ • Secure landfills

  34. Fig. 16-14, p. 417

  35. Trade-Offs Surface Impoundments Advantages Disadvantages Groundwater contamination from leaking liners (or no lining) Low construction costs Low operating costs Air pollution from volatile organic compounds Overflow from flooding Can be built quickly Wastes can often be retrieved if necessary Disruption and leakage from earthquakes Can store wastes indefinitely with secure double liners Output approach that encourages waste production Fig. 16-15, p. 417

  36. Bulk waste Gas vent Topsoil Plastic cover Earth Impervious clay cap Clay cap Sand impervious clay Water table Earth Leak detection system Groundwater Plastic double liner Reactive wastes in drums Groundwater monitoring well Double leachate collection system Fig. 16-16, p. 418

  37. Fig. 16-17, p. 418

  38. Hazardous Waste Regulation in USA • Resource Conservation & Recovery Act • EPA administers • Cradle to grave • Laws regulate only ____%of hazardous wastes

  39. Superfund • 1980 - created • Cleans hazardous waste sites • Nov. 2008: 1,255 sites on list; 322 sites cleaned • Now broke • Who pays for clean up?

  40. Brownfields • Turning toxic areas into parks and nature reserves

  41. Dealing with Lead (Pb) Poisoning • Neurotoxin • Especially harmful to children • 1976-2004: # children with unsafe blood Pb levels dropped from _____% to _____% • Gov’t banned ________________________ ____________________________________ • _____ countries still use leaded gasoline

  42. Solutions Lead Poisoning Prevention Control Replace lead pipes and plumbing fixtures containing lead solder Phase out leaded gasoline worldwide Phase out waste incineration Ban use of lead solder Ban use of lead in computer and TV monitors Ban lead glazing for ceramicware used to serve food Test blood for lead by age 1 Remove leaded paint and lead dust from older houses and apartments Sharply reduce lead emissions from incinerators Remove lead from TV sets and computer monitors before incineration or land disposal Test for lead in existing ceramic-ware used to serve food Ban candles withlead cores Test existing candles for lead Wash fresh fruits and vegetables Fig. 16-18, p. 419

  43. Achieving a Low-Waste Society • Grassroots action • Environmental justice • International treaties • Basel Convention • Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)

  44. Five Principles for Achieving a Low-Waste Society • Everything is connected • There is no “away” for wastes • Polluters & producers must pay for wastes • Different categories of hazardous waste and recyclable waste should not be mixed • Reuse, recycle, & compost solid wastes

  45. Three Big Ideas from This Chapter: #1 order of priorities for dealing with solid waste should be:

  46. Three Big Ideas from This Chapter: #2 Order of priorities for dealing with hazardous waste should be:

  47. Three Big Ideas from This Chapter: #3 We need to view solid wastes as wasted resources and hazardous wastes as materials that we should not be producing in the first place.

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