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Understanding Solutions and Solubility: A Comprehensive Guide

This guide provides an in-depth explanation of solutions and solubility, including the definitions of solute and solvent, the concept of "like dissolves like," the factors affecting solubility, electrolytes and non-electrolytes, concentrations of solutions, colligative properties, and dilution techniques.

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Understanding Solutions and Solubility: A Comprehensive Guide

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  1. Chapter 15 - Solutions

  2. Solution– homogeneous mixture of two or more substances in the same physical state • solute – substance being dissolved • Ex. salt, sugar • solvent – material in which solute is dissolved • Ex. water is the universal solvent

  3. Salt water

  4. There is more solvent than solute in a solution. Ex. more water than salt Salt water

  5. Soluble – able to be dissolved Ex. salt in water Insoluble – does not dissolve Ex. oil in water

  6. “Like dissolves like” • Polar solutes will dissolve in polar solvents • Nonpolar solutes will dissolve in nonpolar solvents

  7. “Like dissolves like”

  8. “Like dissolves like”

  9. “Like dissolves like”

  10. “Like dissolves like”

  11. “Like dissolves like”

  12. “Like dissolves like”

  13. Soluble – able to be dissolved Ex. salt in water Insolube – does not dissolve Ex. oil in water Nonpolar oil does not dissolve in polar water. Ionic dissolves in polar water.

  14. Oil Spills

  15. Factors Affecting Solubility

  16. Factors Affecting Solubility

  17. Factors Affecting Solubility

  18. Factors Affecting Solubility

  19. Factors Affecting Solubility

  20. Factors Affecting Solubility

  21. Factors Affecting Solubility

  22. Factors Affecting Solubility

  23. Dissolved Oxygen

  24. Thermal Pollution

  25. Algae Blooms

  26. Aqueous (aq) • When a material is dissolved in water vs.

  27. Electrolyte • “dissociation” of ionic compounds (salts) into ions to conduct electricity when dissolved in water

  28. Go to the web: • http://www.chem.iastate.edu/group/Greenbowe/sections/projectfolder/flashfiles/thermochem/solutionSalt.html • http://www.northland.cc.mn.us/biology/Biology1111/animations/dissolve.swf

  29. Dissolving takes place at the surface of the solute.

  30. Non-electrolyte • Substance does NOT conduct electricity when dissolved in water • Includes all covalent compounds • Ex. sugar water

  31. Concentrated vs. dilute • Lots of material dissolved vs. very little dissolved

  32. Saturated – solution contains maximum amount of solute • Unsaturated – less than maximum • Supersaturated – more than maximum • Must be heated

  33. Rock Candy

  34. Alloy • Two or more metals dissolved in each other • brass = Cu + Zn • sterling silver = Ag + Cu

  35. Colligative Properties • Dependent on the presence of dissolved particles and their concentration • Boiling point elevation – solute particles increase boiling point • Freezing point depression – solute particles decrease freezing point

  36. Go to the Web: • Boiling point elevation: • http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/solutions/eboil2.html • Freezing point depression: • http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/solutions/faq/why-salt-melts-ice.shtml

  37. Fixing Spaghetti • Example of boiling point elevation. • Adding salt requires the temperature to be greater than 100oC for the water to boil.

  38. Salt on Roads • Example of freezing point depression. • The temperature must be lower than 32oF for the water on the road to freeze.

  39. Molarity (M)

  40. Dilution

  41. How to dilute a solution

  42. Vocabulary Word: • “stock solution” – a solution of a reagent at a standard concentration • Usually the highest concentration

  43. Using a pipet

  44. Using a pipet • Use bulb to fill pipet • Use finger to adjust height of meniscus • Let off pressure to drain liquid

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