1 / 42

Classical Model

Classical Model. Strengths Trade is mutually beneficial High & low wage countries may trade Explains some of the trade patterns we observe Weaknesses Why does so much trade occur among developed countries? Why does technology differ across countries?. Heckscher-Ohlin (HO) Model.

bobby
Télécharger la présentation

Classical Model

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Classical Model • Strengths • Trade is mutually beneficial • High & low wage countries may trade • Explains some of the trade patterns we observe • Weaknesses • Why does so much trade occur among developed countries? • Why does technology differ across countries?

  2. Heckscher-Ohlin (HO) Model • Built upon observed differences among • Factors that countries possess • Factors required to produce various goods • Insights • Causes of trade • Effects of trade on factor prices • Effect of economic growth on trade patterns • Political behavior

  3. Assumptions for HO Model • Keep assumptions 1 through 10 • Drop assumptions 11 & 12 • Add assumptions 13 through 17

  4. Assumption #13 • There are two factors of production, labor (L), and capital (K). Owners of capital are paid a rental payment (R) for the services of their assets, and labor receives a wage payment (W).

  5. Assumption #14 • The technologies available to each country are identical. • Any technology is available to any country • Factor prices determine the technology chosen

  6. Unit Capital input aTS , in machines per bushel Input combinations that produce one bushel of Soybeans // Unit Labor input aLF , in hours per bushel A Model of a Two-Factor Economy Compare to Figure 4-1: Input Possibilities in Soybean Production

  7. Assumption #15 • The production of T is labor intensive relative to the production of S • That is, T requires more labor per machine • Implies that production of S is capital intensive (relative to the production of T). • That is, S requires more machines per worker

  8. K per Worker for US Industries Thousands of 1972 dollars. Item 4.1, page 89, 5th edition, Husted & Melvin

  9. Wage-rental ratio, w/r 1 2 Capital-labor ratio, K/L Factor Prices and Input Choices Which line represents the Capital-intensive industry, 1 or 2? Compare to Figure 4.2, page 70

  10. Wage-rental ratio, w/r TT SS Capital-labor ratio, K/L Factor Prices and Input Choices Soybean production is capital-intensive at any given wage/rental ratio

  11. Wage-rental ratio, w/r TT SS (w/r)2 (w/r)1 PW Capital- labor Ratio, K/L Relative price of T, PT/PS (PT/PS)1 (PT/PS)2 (KT/LT)1 (KS/LS)1 (KT/LT)2 (KS/LS)2 Increasing Increasing Combing Figures 4-2 and 4-3 Compare to Figure 4-4, page 71

  12. Assumption #16 • Country A is relatively capital abundant, while B is labor abundant.

  13. K per Worker: Selected Countries 1985 international prices. Item 4.2, page 91, 5th edition Husted & Melvin

  14. Quantity definition of factor abundance • Country A is relatively capital abundant, if the ratio of its capital stock to its labor force (K/L) is greater than that of the other country:

  15. Price definition of factor abundance • Country A is relatively capital abundant, if its wage-rental ratio (W/R) is higher than the other country’s wage-rental ratio:

  16. Strong factor abundance assumption • If country A is relatively capital abundant, by the quantity definition, its wage-rental ratio (W/R) will be higher than the other country’s wage-rental ratio. • That is, the price definition holds, too.

  17. Increasing Opportunity Cost in A S is K-intensive A is K-abundant 20 18 14 America’s PPF TEXTILES, T (millions of yards per year) 12 6 0 2 4 8 12 10 16 SOYBEANS, S (millions of bushels per year)

  18. Increasing Opportunity Cost in B T is L-intensive B is L-abundant 40 TEXTILES, T (millions of yards per year) 20 Britain’s PPF 0 5 10 SOYBEANS, S (millions of bushels per year)

  19. Assumption #17 • Tastes in the two countries are identical. • Given same GDP & prices, same choice • Implies that supply conditions alone determine the direction of comparative advantage (CA). • Different tastes would imply different demand • Could reverse the direction of CA.

  20. Rybczynski Theorem • At constant world prices, if a country experiences an increase in the supply of one factor, it will produce more of the product intensive in that factor and less of the other. • See Figure 4.5 , page 73, and 4.6, page 74 Krugman & Obstfeld

  21. L__ O_ __ 1 K_ K_ __ O_ L_ Increasing Increasing Increasing Increasing Which is the K-intensive industry? Labor used in _____________ production Capital used in ________ production Capital used in _____ production Labor used in______production Compare to Figure 4-5, page 73

  22. LS OS T 1 KT KS S OT LT Increasing Increasing Increasing Increasing S is K intensive, T is L intensive Labor used in Soybean production Capital used in Textile production Capital used in S production Labor used in Textile production

  23. Rybczynski Theorem • How do the outputs of the two goods change when the economy’s resources change? • Increase the amount of one factor, say K, and observe the results

  24. O2S L1S L2S O1S K1T 1 K1S T K2T K2S 2 S1 S2 OT L1T L2T Increasing Increasing Increasing Increasing K increases. S (K int.) expands. S needs more labor. T must contract L used in S production K used in S production K used in T production L used in T production

  25. Output of T, QT Slope = -PS/PT Slope = -PS/PT Output of S, QS An increase in K in Country A. 1 Q1T 2 Q2T PPF2 PPF1 Q1S Q2S

  26. Output of T, QT 2 Slope = -PS/PT Q2T Slope = -PS/PT Q1T 1 PPF2 PPF1 Output of S, QS Q2S Q1S An increase in L in country B. Compare to Figure 4-7, page 75. Now try it yourself – solve problem 2

  27. Rybczynski Theorem • Also helps us to understand that an economy will tend to be more productive in industries that use its abundant factor intensively.

  28. Heckscher-Ohlin Theorem • A country will export the goods whose production is intensive in the factor with which that country is abundantly endowed.

  29. Autarky in A 18 a 15 CIC0 TEXTILES, T (millions of yards per year) 12 0 13 10 16 SOYBEANS, S (millions of bushels per year)

  30. Autarky in B 40 a 30 CIC0 TEXTILES, T (millions of yards per year) 20 Britain’s PPF 10 0 4 6.5 9 SOYBEANS, S (millions of bushels per year)

  31. Relative price of S, ______ RSB RSA 3 2 1 RD Relative quality of S, Trade Leads to a Convergence of Relative Prices Compare to Figure 4-8, page 77.

  32. Relative price of S, PS/PT 3 1 Relative quality of S, QS + Q*S QT + Q*T Trade Leads to a Convergence of Relative Prices RSB RSA 2 RD

  33. With free trade, there will be one world relative price for S (PS/PT) and T (PT/PS). • As PS/PT rises in Country A, their S industry expands while their T industry contracts. • As PS/PT falls in Country B, their S industry contracts while their T industry expands. • Tricky to draw the general equilibrium solution, so let’s try it together.

  34. International Trade Equilibrium • Incomplete specialization in Comparative Advantage good. • Community Indifference Curve (CIC) & Terms of Trade line (ToT) tangent at consumption point • Congruent trade triangles imply balanced trade.

  35. Stolper-Samuelson Theorem • Free international trade benefits the abundant factor and harms the scarce factor.

  36. As PS/PT rises in Country A, PT/PS and w/r fall. • Look back at Figure 4-4, or slide 15. • A is K abundant (L scarce) • As PS/PT falls in Country B, PT/PS and w/r rise. • B is L abundant (K scarce)

  37. Factor-Price Equalization (FPE) Theorem • Given all the assumptions of the HO model, free trade will lead to the international equalization of individual factor prices. • Look again at Figure 4-4, or slide 15. • One relative price for T, PT/PS • One wage-rental ratio, w/r

  38. Factor-Price Equalization? “There isn’t any.” Why not? • Some goods are not produced in some countries. • Productivity (technology) does differ between countries. • Goods’ prices differ due to natural and artificial barriers to trade.

  39. Learning Objectives • Examine the need to build a new model • Understand five more assumptions • Prove HO Theorem • Prove Rybczynski Theorem • Prove Factor-Price Equalization Theorem • Prove Stolper-Samuelson Theorem • Introduce Specific-Factors Model

  40. Specific-Factors Model • Keep all HO assumptions except: • one factor is immobile (say K) • different rental rates for machines in S & T industries • Labor still mobile, implying one wage, W • W = VMPS = PS x MPLS • Appendix 4.2, pages 118-120, Husted & Melvin. See Figures A4.5 and A4.6

  41. Specific-Factors Model • W = VMPS = PS x MPLS • W = VMPT = PT x MPLT

  42. The End of Chapter 4

More Related