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Admin. Review. Lesson 5: . The Mexican War 1846-1848. Learning Objectives. Comprehend the effectiveness of the U.S. Navy as an instrument of diplomacy. Comprehend the lessons of the Mexican War. Remember our Themes!. The Navy as an Instrument of Foreign Policy

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  1. Admin

  2. Review

  3. Lesson 5: The Mexican War 1846-1848

  4. Learning Objectives • Comprehend the effectiveness of the U.S. Navy as an instrument of diplomacy. • Comprehend the lessons of the Mexican War

  5. Remember our Themes! • The Navy as an Instrument of Foreign Policy • Interaction between Congress and the Navy • Interservice Relations • Technology • Leadership • Strategy and Tactics • Evolution of Naval Doctrine

  6. Republic Of Texas • Republic of Texas • Independent from Mexico: 1836 • Annexed by United States: 1845 • Southern border in dispute with Mexico

  7. Mexican-American War 1846-48 • Mexico: • Land forces • Home turf • Insignificant Navy • US: • Land forces • Long way from home • Sizable Navy

  8. Operations in Texas • General Zachary Taylor • Operations in Texas - 1846. • 4,000 men under his command • 25 April 1846: clash on the border • 13 May War Declared

  9. Operations in the Gulf • Gulf Squadron dispatched • U.S. Navy establishes command of the sea. • Blockade and capture of Mexican ports. • Marines used as a garrison force. • Taylor wins a series of victories in Texas

  10. 1847 • Mexico not capitulating • Scott dispatched

  11. Battle of Vera Cruz • Participants:

  12. Commanders:

  13. Forces: • US: • 10,000 USA • 2,000 USMC • Gulf Squadron • Mexico: • Vera Cruz: • 3,360 Men • 86 Guns • San Juan de Ulloa • 1,030 Men • 135 Guns

  14. Amphibious Assault • Specially designed surf boats, 2.5K at a time • Mexican stay in Town • 1 US death

  15. Siege of Vera Cruz • Patterson wants assault • Scott sets up siege • 12 Killed • 4 days

  16. Outcome • Tactical and Strategic US victory • Lessons learned: Cooperation

  17. Scotts Mexico City Campaign - 1847 • General Winfield Scott marches to Mexico City. • 8,500 men • Accompanied by a regiment of Marines. • Jos • Battle of Cerro Gordo • Marines in the Battle of Chapultepec. • “The Halls of Montezuma”

  18. Captain Kirby Smith: • What stupid people they are! They can do nothing and their continued defeats should convince them of it. They have lost six great battles; we have captured six hundred and eight cannon, nearly one hundred thousand stands of arms, made twenty thousand prisoners, have the greatest portion of their country and are fast advancing on their Capital which must be ours,—yet they refuse to treat [i.e., negotiate terms]!

  19. Pacific Squadron • Initially under Commodore John Sloat. • Monterey and San Francisco captured by joint American forces - Army, Navy, and Marine Corps. • Commodore Robert Stockton - Los Angeles. • California and Oregon occupied by the end of the war.

  20. Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo - 1848 • Rio Grande established as Texas-Mexico border. • Western United States ceded from Mexico. • Mexico kept Baja (lower) California

  21. Thoughts • US v. Mexico • Proportionally stronger • Uses strategy that reflects that • USNA • Not yet effective • Effective Joint operations • Long range planning

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