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Admin. Review. Lesson 28. The U.S. Navy Since 2001. Enabling Objectives. DESCRIBE events leading up to the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan, including President George W. Bush’s foreign policy doctrine before and after September 11, 2001.

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  1. Admin

  2. Review

  3. Lesson 28 The U.S. Navy Since 2001

  4. Enabling Objectives • DESCRIBE events leading up to the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan, including President George W. Bush’s foreign policy doctrine before and after September 11, 2001. • EXPLAIN roles of the U. S. Navy and Marine Corps in Operation Enduring Freedom. • RECOGNIZE essential elements of the document “A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Sea Power” (October 2007).

  5. Remember our Themes! • The Navy as an Instrument of Foreign Policy • Interaction between Congress and the Navy • Interservice Relations • Technology • Leadership • Strategy and Tactics • Evolution of Naval Doctrine

  6. 1990-2001: Defense spending declines by $100 billion each year. 1990-1994: Decline to 400 ships. 1994: Forward…From the Sea Forward presence and power projection from sea to land. Pre 9/11 Mission of the U.S. Navy “The Navy and Marine Corps Team responded to national tasking, on average, at least once every three weeks during 1998. Navy forces were called upon to demonstrate their multipurpose capabilities in myriad assignment, ranging from combat operations to humanitarian assistance commitments.” - SECDEF William Cohen

  7. Blue Water to Brown Water Ops “We are moving out in the green and brown water areas and…many operations are focused in the shallows…We cannot sit out in the deep blue, waiting for the enemy to come to us. He will not. We must go to him. I want the ability to go close in and stay there. I believe our Navy is missing a great opportunity to influence events by not having a riverine force. We’re going to have one!” - Admiral Mike Mullen

  8. Pre 9/11 Mission of the U.S. Navy “We are seeking to incite the Islamic Nation to rise up to liberate its land and to conduct Jihad for the sake of God.” - Osama bin Laden Oct 2000 – USS COLE attacked resulting in the death of 17 Sailors and 39 injured.

  9. Emphasis during 2000 presidential campaign was to modernizethe U.S. military. President Bush’s plan included: Missile Defense System Engagement of Hostile states Dialogue with China Willingness to not use nuclear weapons President Bush, 2000

  10. September 11, 2001 • 19 hijackers murdered 3,497 • 2,735 civilians in the WTC • 87 aboard AA Flight 11 • 60 aboard United Flight 175 • 343 NYC firefighters and rescuers • 23 NYC police officers • 84 Port Authority workers • 36 aboard United Flight 93 • 64 aboard AA Flight 77 • 125 people in the Pentagon

  11. Terrorism “The calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological.” - Joint Pub 3-07.2, Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Anti Terrorism

  12. Terrorism “Premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against non-combatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience.” - U.S. Dept of State

  13. Post 9/11 Challenges • The Bush Administration had to bring firepower to an area with no immediate military base support. • Sea-based carrier warfare. • Network-centric concepts – use a limited, precision force. • Coalition forces.

  14. America’s First Responders • CNO Admiral Vern Clark, 2000-2005 • Quote from page 289, In Peace and War • Carrier Strike Groups. • Expeditionary Strike Groups.

  15. Operation Enduring FreedomOctober 7, 2001-Present Day • Mission: Defeat the Taliban government and Al Qaeda terrorists. • Navy CSG’s: Conducted Air/Strike/Intel/Recon Warfare. • Also served as a Special Operations Platform. • Navy ESG’s: Conducted strike and ground combat operations. • Marines advance 450 miles inland to seize Afghan airfield. • Longest, continual war U.S. has fought in our nation’s history.

  16. Maritime War • Through November, carriers were the only source of tactical air strikes. • USS Enterprise, Carl Vinson, Theodore Roosevelt, and John C. Stennis • Naval aircraft flew ¾ of all sorties, dropped 1/3 of all bombs.

  17. Operation Enduring Freedom: Timeline • October 2001: Coalition combat operations begin. • October-December 2001: Coalition forces drive out the Taliban from its strong holds in Mazar-i-Sharif, Kabul, Kunduz and Kandahar. • December 2001: The International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) established by the UN. • 2002: U.S. seeks out and eliminates Taliban and Al Qaeda forces in the mountainous regions (caves/guerilla warfare). • Coalition forces reach over 10,000. • Afghanistan has an interim government

  18. Operation Enduring Freedom:Timeline (continued) • 2003-2005: Taliban forces regroup and begin more offensive raids. • Coalition forces change mission to seek out and attack smaller enemy tribes. • 2006-2007: Major fighting/combat operations shift towards Southern Afghanistan. • 2008-2009: Reassessment and renewed commitment. • Troop surge of US forces from 24,000 to 48,000 by the end 2009.

  19. Operation Iraqi FreedomMarch 2003- Sept 2010 • Primary mission: End the regime of Saddam Hussein and to identify, isolate, and eliminate Iraq’s WMD. • March-December 2003: Air/Strike Warfare dominance. Ground troops push through and capture Baghdad. Saddam captured. • 2004-2005: Insurgency up rise leads to major combat operations in Western and Northern Iraq (Ramadi/Fulujah and Mosul).

  20. Operation Iraqi FreedomMarch 2003-Sep 2010 (contd.) • 2005-2006: Iraq begins to form new government (Saddam killed) . • 2007: Ordered Troop surge of 20,000 ground forces. • 2008-2009: Major combat operations have severely declined. • Large military bases and patrols have been turned over to Iraqi military and police.

  21. OEF/OIF change of direction • Primary Mission is still to seek out and eliminate Taliban/Al Qaeda/Terrorist cell organizations (Counter Insurgency). • New Mission/Objectives: • Train foreign military and police forces (Small training teams made up of SME’s). • Work with and provide aid to local governments in order to establish a strong working democratic structure (Provincial Reconstruction Teams). • Plan and execute a responsible draw down and removal of troops.

  22. “ONE OF THE SERIOUS PROBLEMS IN PLANNING AGAINST AMERICAN DOCTRINE IS THAT THE AMERICANS DO NOT READ THEIR MANUALS NOR DO THEY FEEL ANY OBLIGATIONS TO FOLLOW THEIR DOCTRINE.” - FROM A SOVIET DOCUMENT - “THE REASON THAT THE AMERICAN NAVY DOES SO WELL IN WARTIME IS THAT WAR IS CHAOS, AND THE AMERICAN NAVY PRACTICES CHAOS ON A DAILY BASIS.” - A GERMAN OFFICER DURING WWII -

  23. U.S. Maritime Strategy A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower Signed by the CNO, the Commandant of the USMC, and the Commandant of the USCG in Oct 2007. “Our challenge is to apply sea power in a manner that protects U.S. vital interests even as it promotes greater collective security, stability, and trust.”

  24. A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Sea Power Preventing war is as important as winning wars. Cooperative maritime relationships is the basis for global maritime security. Elevates importance of Humanitarian Assistance/ Disaster Relief Main Goal: Leverage all elements of national power - Diplomatic, Informational, Military, Economic (DIME); Joint, Interagency and NGO cooperation.

  25. Core Capabilities of U.S. Maritime Power • Emphasizes activities that preventwar and buildpartnerships with our allies. • Forward Presence • Deterrence • Sea Control • Power Projection • Maritime Security • Humanitarian Assistance & Disaster Response

  26. Challenges for the U.S. Navy • Chinese Modernization • Iran and North Korea • Number of naval ships declined from 592 to 283 between 1989 and 2009. • Navy and Marine Corps tactical aircraft are over 15 years old. • Ticonderoga-class cruisers are nearly 20 years old. • The current U.S. submarine fleet is half the size of the 1965 fleet (from 104-52).

  27. Enabling Objectives • DESCRIBE events leading up to the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan, including President George W. Bush’s foreign policy doctrine before and after September 11, 2001. • EXPLAIN roles of the U. S. Navy and Marine Corps in Operation Enduring Freedom. • RECOGNIZE essential elements of the document “A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Sea Power” (October 2007).

  28. Questions???

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