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Enhancing Universal Accessibility in Web Services: Techniques for Diverse User Needs

This document discusses usability techniques for web-based services, focusing on universal accessibility design. Key principles include equitable, flexible, and intuitive interfaces, and guidelines for accommodating the elderly by improving visual contrast and minimizing demands on memory. It also examines W3C web content guidelines, highlights the importance of cognitive engineering in understanding user needs, and emphasizes the necessity for individualized web interfaces. The findings advocate for adaptive designs that cater to diverse user requirements, particularly for the elderly, enhancing overall web navigation and satisfaction.

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Enhancing Universal Accessibility in Web Services: Techniques for Diverse User Needs

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  1. Usability Techniques for Web-based Services Diversity and Technology 1

  2. Universal Accessibility Design for All 2

  3. General PrinciplesVanderheiden (1997) • Use: equitable, flexible, simple and intuitive. • Perceptible information and error tolerance. • Low physical effort and appropriate size and space for approach. 3

  4. Guidelines for ElderlyCzaja (1997) • Contrast, screen glare, object size • Minimal info, consistent location, group • Highlight, color discrimination, key label • Clear icons, practice • Minimal demands on memory • Consistency, simplicity (e.g. online help) 4

  5. Web Content Guidelines (W3C)http://www.w3.org/TR/WAI-WEBCONTENT • Auditory/visual alternatives/not color alone • Markup and style sheets • Natural language, tables, pages • User control, access of embedded UIs • Device independence, interim solutions • W3C technologies, context information • Clear navigation and simple documents 5

  6. Conclusions • Guidelines are available • A coherent, complete, well-founded and practical set is lacking • Techniques for application of the guidelines are scarce => Cognitive engineering framework 6

  7. Cognitive Engineering (1) Assessment Specification analytical formative analysis empirical formative design implemen- tation empirical summative flow of spec/assess flow of iteration task/process 7

  8. Cognitive Engineering (2) specification effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction users, goals, info/ support needs and use context objectives Web-service practical theory assessment data/ info task or process 8

  9. Practical Cognitive Theory Factors that affect Web-navigation: • Spatial ability for mental modeling • Memory capacity for task-set switching • Situation awareness during interaction 9

  10. Theoretical and Empirical BasedUser Requirements for Elderly 10

  11. Web-Navigation Performance 11

  12. Spatial Ability Mental rotation task => spatial representation 12

  13. Memory Capacity => scheduler and goal creation memory task 13

  14. News Introduction Products Departments Facilities Projects People Request for information Situation Awareness => multi-media, context and goal refinement categorise task 14

  15. Transform User Requirements into Navigation Supportfor Elderly 15

  16. Analysis • Map user requirements on current support functions • Prioritize according to “Web-service objectives” • Estimate implementation costs => synthesize support concepts 16

  17. Design and Implementation Three support functions: • categorizing landmarks • history map • navigation assistant 17

  18. Evaluation Three usability measures: • effectiveness • efficiency • satisfaction 18

  19. Example Satisfaction Results 19

  20. Conclusions • Individualization of Web-interfaces is needed to realize “Universal Accessibility” • Design for all results in adaptive interfaces (no “boring uniformity”) • Elderly users need more navigation support 20

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