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What comes after the police emergency Alarm?

Thomas Ley. What comes after the police emergency Alarm?. Disposition. Four-phase model as heuristic scheme What comes after the police emergency alarm? Mobilisation communication Single Case: strange hole

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What comes after the police emergency Alarm?

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  1. Thomas Ley Whatcomesafterthepoliceemergency Alarm?

  2. Disposition • Four-phase model as heuristic scheme • What comes after the police emergency alarm? • Mobilisation communication • Single Case: strange hole • Methodic problems of reconstruction of the mobilisation phase on the basis of police documents • Theoretical considerations

  3. 1. Four-phase model as heuristic scheme Differentiation of phases • Phase I Alarm communication • Phase II Mobilisation • Phase III Coping • Phase IV Risk/Evaluation

  4. 2. What comes after the police emergency communication? • It is an empirical question • It is a socio-historical-technological question • It is an organizational question (organizational setting)

  5. 2. What comes after the police emergency communication? Three points are important here i.) Interpretation/classification of the reported incident * role of unspoken assumptions, tacit knowledge (Manning 1988:10), cognitive schemata (Neisser) ii.) Intra-/interorganizational knowledge iii.) General knowledge (well-informed citizen), e.g. spatial knowledge

  6. 3. Mobilisation communication: Typology Type 1: Intra-organizational communication: Police informs Police Examples: Bank alarm, Burglary Police is send to the scene.

  7. 3. Mobilisation communication: Typology Type 2: Inter-organizational communication: Police informs rescue center (112) Examples: difficult breathing, epileptic seizure, diabetic coma

  8. 3. Mobilisation communication: Typology Type 3: Intra- and inter--organizational communication: Police informs Police and Rescue Center Examples: domestic violence with wounded persons, drug overdose

  9. 3. Mobilisation communication: empirical problem Empirical problem Who will be informed, is in the most cases not communicated and so not observable and reconstructable on the basis of most audiorecorded emergency calls.

  10. 3. Mobilisation communication: case „car accident“ Standard formulation: 28 P: Alles klar All right 29 Ich schick jemand hin I send someone there (Other formulations occur in small variations)

  11. 3. Mobilisation communication: methodological considerations How to explore the phase of mobilisation communication? Instructively: van Maanen, John (1984): Reclaiming Qualitative Methods for Organizational Research: A Preface. In: van Maanen, John (ed.): Qualitative Methodology. Beverly Hills/London/New Delhi: 9-18: SAGE

  12. 3. Mobilisation communication: methodological considerations Angewiesenheit auf Protokolle (Oevermann) Dependency on protocols as experience scientists

  13. 3. Mobilisation communication: methodological considerations Useful data basis Police emergency center and/or police station - audiotapes of radio communication - videotapes of the processing of calls and radio talking - field descriptions of the working situation - interviews with policemen about the handling of emergency cases - police reports and other police documents

  14. 3. Mobilisation communication: methodological considerations Useful data basis Rescue directing center - audiotapes of radio communication - videotapes of the processing of calls and radio talking - field descriptions of the working situation in the emergency centre and police station - interviews with members of the emergency center about the handling of emergency cases - employment documents

  15. 4. Single Case: strange hole Organizational setting Centralized police emergency system (number 110) Policeman takes the incoming call and decides what to do* a.) informs the rescue center (112) and/or b) Informs operator in police station * In this specific case, the police officer consulted with a second employee of the emergency center

  16. 4. Single Case: strange hole In this case Police Emergency center in town A (3 policemen) Police station in town B Incident: strange hole in town C Spatial distance between A und B and C in each case appr. 30 kilometer

  17. 4. Single Case: strange hole 01 P: The Police emergency call good morning (-) 02 C: Ye:s (B:ender) in (S-Town) (Piesenau-Street) good mourning 03 P: =Yes 04 C: .hh at our home in front of the door is (-) quite a (--) strange hole created 05 there are sounds 06 P: Mh 07 C: I can not explain = there is no electricity anywhere in the house 08 P: Mh 09 C: I’m awake now 10 P: Mh 11-26 Interrogation sequence: Name, Address of the caller 27 P: There is a giant hole or somewhat on the road? 28 C: =YES YES 29 P: Mh

  18. 4. Single Case: strange hole 30 C: And there are noises I see a few lines 31 =I’m there not too close to 32 P: Mh= mh= mh 33 C: I don’t know whether it is a landslide or something else 34 P: Mh 35 C: As said in the whole house no electricity 36 P: Mh 37 C: And there are always (--) 38 P: Noises 39 C: Strange noises yes 40 P: I send someone there 41 C: .hh Yes (-) ok 42 P: Yes bye 43 C: Ok thanks

  19. 4. Single Case: strange hole Interpretation/classification of the policeman in the police emergency center 27 P: There is a giant hole or somewhat on the road? 28 C: =YES YES

  20. 4. Single case: strange hole Communication of the interpretation/classification ___ to the rescue directing center (112) ___ to the police station, from there two police cars were send to the scene

  21. The director of the rescue directing center said to the information situation: „We got communicated: There’s a hole on the road, there runs water, drive to the scene and look what‘s there.“ (Oral message, not officially documented)

  22. Es gibt Tatsachen in der Welt, die unsere Aussagen wahr oder falsch machen. There are facts in the world, which our statements make true or wrong. John R. Searle

  23. In diesem Fall war die Aussage nicht unwahr und stimmte dennoch nicht mit der Realität überein. In this case the statement was not untrue and did nethertheless not agree with the reality. Thomas Ley

  24. 5. Methodological problems of reconstruction of he mobilisation phase on the basis of police documents Police report (Einsatzmeldung) Important event message and auxiliary message EPS-web-sheet (Einsatzprotokollierungssystem web-basiert)

  25. Police Document: important event message (xx/xx/10) 8:47:33 a.m. 1. Act/event: Earth case in (place name) 2. Scene: (Postal zip code) (place name), (x-street) (district), housing development, predominantly family- and terraced houses 3. Act time: Monday, xxx, 03:00 a.m. 4. Indicator time: Monday, xxx, 03:00 a.m. 5. Victim/damage: 23 inhabitants in (x-street) (...) 9. Damage: at present not yet assessably 10. Circumstances: On Monday, xxx, it came against 03:00 a.m.. to (place name), (street name) to an earth case, present extents: 30 x 40 m, low 15 - 20 m. The earth movements at present still persist. A damage to property is not numberable yet. So far are 8 houses (5 terraced houses and 3 single family houses) affected.

  26. Police Document: auxiliary message (xx/xx/10) 14:25:27 p.m. 1. Act/event: Earth case in (place name) 2. Scene: (Postal zip code) (place name), (x-street) and (y-street) (district) .... 5. Victim/damage: 23 inhabitants in (y-street name) (number 1, 3, 5) and (x-street) (district)

  27. On the basis of the written police documents there is for example • -no possibilty to observe the interpretation/classification problem of the policeman; instead the reader gets the suggestion of a clear case • - no possibilty to observe, that the emergency call comes in on 2:53 a.m. in the police emergeny center • no possibilty to see, that the police station was informed 12 minutes later like the director of the rescue center • no possibility to observe when the rescue center was informed SomeFindings

  28. Around 03:25 a.m.. the police emergency center received by the first locally arrived police car crew the data feedback over a crater with a diameter of 30 m and a depth from 20 m. Besides is earth movement in the course, further tears would develop and the earth hole becomes larger, whereupon the area was spaciously closed off. SomeFindings

  29. Remember • Garfinkel: „Good“ organizational reasons for „bad“ clinic reports • Transfer: police context / police organization • Aspects (which lead to a theory of bureaucratic organization) • - Role of written reports in a bureaucratic organization • Routine procedures: description routines • Protection: what is written in the report is observable and what is observable can be criticized. 6. TheoreticalConsiderations

  30. In the words of Harvey Sacks (1972: 280-281) : „...to be observable is to be embarrassable ... Being noticeable and being deviant seem intimately related ... The relation of observability to deviance is of central concern.“ 6. Theoreticalconsiderations

  31. Fitting to a disaster workshop: Dear colleagues, this is the end (The Doors). Thank you very much for your attention!

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