Verbs

1. Verbs • Give, V, Agent, + [ ___ NP PP] [ Patient] [ Goal] Will, [-N, + V, + Aux], + [___ VP] [ + infinitive] have, [ -N, + V, + Aux], + [___VP] [ + past participle =V-en ] be , [-N, + V, +Aux ], + [ ____VP] [ + present Participle = V-ing ]

2. Would Review Here are some sentences with would which you have seen before. Find sentences in which • I) would is used as a conditional • II) would is the past tense of will • III)would means used to • How many sentences are left over?

3. a If you were designing a poster which two would you choose? • b Yes, I would think so. • C My brother would say, ‘oh your mother spoils you.’ • D Would you like ask us anything about it? • E Yes, yes, I would agree with that certainly. • F Not the sort of letter I would like to receive. • G Would people in your country talk freely about these things? • H Then we said that we would play hide and seek. • I Often there would be a village band made up of self-taught players. • J Some would write their songs or set new words to tunes. • K What advice would you give to a person leaving school or university? • L That’s right, yes, and it would slow the ship down. • M I never had the light on. My parents wouldn’t allow. • N But now a new fear assailed him. Would he get caught in the propeller? • O This brief report would best be understood by a listener who had read the earlier story?

4. Key • I) would used as conditional: a,f,g,k,l,no • II) would as the past tense of will :h,m • III) would meaning “used to”: c,I,j • The sentences left over are b,d and e. Theses are fixed phrases.In b and e would is a matter of politeness. In d would you like is a very common way of making a offer.

5. Read ,as a transitive verb • The Bible is the most read of all books. (阅读) • You must read something between the lines.(理解) • Your silence will be read as consent.He can read a dream.(判断) • (你的不作声就会被看作是同意.)(他会判梦) • For that reason he was read out of the Party.(就为着这个原因他被开除党籍) • The thermometer read 80 degrees. • The bill was read for the first time.(议案已付第一次读) • For “fail”,a misprint, read “fall”(勘误) • Fail 为fall 之误

6. Read , as an intransitive verb • It would read oddly. (read =affect the hearer when read) • This book reads interesting. • This play reads better than it acts.(这个剧本上演不如阅读有趣) • This autobiography reads like a novel. • How does this sentence reads now? • I have read of the accident in the newspapers.(读知) • He is reading for Master’s degree.(研读) • The sentence read as follows. (此句文字如下) • The rule reads two different ways.(这规则由两种解释) • The ticket reads to Paris via Siberia.(票上写明……)

7. Don’t you know any better? • Know better=be wiser, know that it is not as it seems or is represented; have learnt better from experience; hence, be more prudent or discreet than to do something • He knows better than to do it.=He is too clever to do it. • We now know better than to make such concession. • 现在我们已经不至于愚笨到做这样的让步. • He should know better than to quarrel with his butter. • 他不应该和自己的衣食父母作对. • You should know better at your age. • 依你的年龄你不应该再做蠢事. • He is too much of a man of the world not to know better. • 如此精通世事的人,当物作此事之理. • The block-head should have known his company better. • 那个傻瓜要能早认清他的对方就好了. • Don’t you know any better?难道你不能放理智一点?

8. Misuse of some intransitive verbs • 他不同意女儿的婚事. • He did not consent his daughter’s marriage. • (consent to) • 生病是他缺席的理由. • His illness accounts his absence. • (accounts for) • 那贮水池将增加本市的美观. • The reservoir will add the beauty of our city. • (add to) • 我们对这样一个伟大的人逝世同感悲伤. • We all grieve the death of such a great man. • Grieve at or over

9. Misuse of some transitive verbs • 你要去开会吗? • Are you going to attend at the meeting? • (attend the meeting, attend to= take care of) • 她在做菜上要胜过我 • She excels over me in cooking. • Excel me in cooking • 他和一位有钱的女子结婚 • He married with a rich girl . • Married a rich girl

10. Lexical Redundancuy Rule词汇的必然规则 • ﹡ John might will eat meat. Might , [-N, + V , + Aux, + infinitive] • ﹡ John is will eat the meat. • Is , [-N, + V , + Aux, +-en ] • ﹡ John will eaten the meat. • ﹡ John is eaten the meat. • ﹡ John will eating the meat.

11. Principle of Distance • I made her leave. ( direct influence on her behavior) • I want her to leave. ( mental state , indirectly cause her to leave) • I hope that she would leave. (the linguistic distance between the two verbs are even greater,reflection of conceptual distance) • I help her to do things. • I help her do things.

12. Clauses Marked by Infinitival or Gerundial Clauses • [For John to go ] would be a mistake . • I would like [ for John to go ]. • John wanted [to go ]. • It’s easy [for John to say such things.] • [ John’s going to Chicago] was a mistake. • [Eating raw meat can be dangerous.] • John saw Mary [crossing the street

13. Tensed • John triesto win the race. • John triedto win the race. • John is tryingto win the race. • John will tryto win the race.

14. Present Tense • Darwin thinks that natural selection is the chief factor in the development of species. • Shakespeareisthe author of “Hamlet”. • Chaucer writes that love is blind. • Shelly says:“If winter comes, can spring be far away?” • As the city does not have many entertaining places to go, we treated the foreign friends to some real Chinese food.

15. Simple present &Present Progressive Tense • She’s sick. • She is being sick. (=vomiting ) • He’s a careful person. • He’s being careful. • He is very kind. • He is being kind. • He is lying reading. • He often lies reading.(habitual action) • The music sounds sweet. • Why is the driver sounding his horn?

16. Past Tense • I was wondering if you could help me. • I was hoping you could send me the book. • I’d rather you were going at once.(Subjunctive ) • She was forever complaining about the weather.(emotion) • She complained about the weather. • Care killed the cat.(eternal truth)忧能伤人 • 世人相信猫由九条命,可是忧虑都能使它丧命,何况是人呢?劝人不要忧虑 • Men were deceivers ever.(from Much Ado About nothing by Shakespeare) • Faint heart never won fair lady. • 胆小的人决找不到漂亮的太太. • The course of true love never did run smooth.(from Shakespeare’s Mids N.D).(好事多磨)

17. Present Perfect Tense • He is the stingiest man I have ever met. • He is the stingiest man I ever met. • He is the most thoughtful, considerate, and sentimental man I have ever known. • 他是我所认识的最能体贴别人,考虑周到,感情真挚的人. • This is the most violent form of exercise I’ve ever taken.

18. Past Perfect Tense • I had intended to call on you yesterday, but someone came to see me just when I was about to leave .( intended to have called on ) • We had meant to tell her the news but found that she wasn’t in. (=meant to have told) • Later she explained :“I had thought that he had died ten years ago, but now I know that he is still living.” • He had wanted to help you but he had no time then. • He had been inclined to be an artist. • You had better have gone there with her.

19. Comparison • I should like to visit the island. (present desire, future action) • I should like to have visited the island. (present regret for not having visited it) • I should have liked to have visited the island. (an unfulfilled past desire)

20. Future Tense • I shall sail for the desert island. (future simple ) • I will sail for the desert island. (volition) • I am to sail for the desert island. (arranged,formal) • I am about to sail for the desert island. • I am on the point of sailing for the desert island. (an immediate action) • I shall be sailing for the desert island.(more casual, more intimate) • You are going to regret this.(a threat)你要后悔的 • You’ll regret this. Begoing to比will 语气要强 • You are going to see much better with your new glasses .(带上这副眼镜就会看得更清楚) • We’re going to show you the town while you’re here. • 语气中可以听出来,他们已有准备,有计划的要带客人去观光当地的名胜古迹

21. Be about to /be going to • She looked up at him quickly, and was about to speak, but apparently changed her mind. • “You were going to say----?” • She shook her head hesitantly, and looked at him again-- a long, searching scrutiny. • 她很快地抬头望着他,好像想要说什么似的,可是显然她又不想说什么.“刚才你不是想说什么话吗?”她犹豫得摇着头,又望着他---长久而又详审地 • Be going to 表示主观感情 • Be about to 表示客观的描写

22. Look at these extracts form two letters. Underline those words and phrases which refer to the future and discuss ways in which you might classify them:From the Challenge And Change in Language Teaching by Jane Willis &Dave Willis 2002: 97 • Extract A • I would like to confirm that the British Council will contribute £500 towards your visit to Singapore to this year’s RELC Seminar. Our Specialist Tours Department should contact you within a week or so with details of payment. Please let me know as soon as you have fixed your travel plans so I can make sure your are properly looked after on arrival.

23. Extract B • I am planning to make arrangements to arrive on Sunday April 21st and to leave pm April 30th or am May 1st. I have been in touch with the British Council Washington about the payment for the ticket and I am hoping to finalize those details this week. • I do not know yet whether I shall be staying with Vijay Bhatia. I’ll let you know as soon as I have heard from him.

24. Key explanation • There are a number of expected references to the future such as the modals will; should; can; shall. There are less predicted ones like the present perfect (as soon as you have fixed; as soon as I have heard); present simple (you are properly looked after). There are four expressions which focus on the future ( I would like to; I am planning to; make arrangements to; I am hoping to). The prepositional phrase on arrival clearly refers to the future. The word yet in I do not know yet clearly has the implications for future action.

25. Tense Agreement • Mother told me that honesty is the best policy. • Mary told Father that Jack is always finding fault with her. • The foreign guests told me that they had learnta lot during their stay in China. • They learned that President Lincoln led the American Civil War. • If you don’t come tomorrow , I will go to your house and find out why you’re not at work. • I will have a good time whether I win or lose. • Irespect you now and always will. • She nevercannor shall forget your goodness. • The man who marries his daughter will need to be tough, fast-moving, and quick-thinking.

26. Used to and Would • After he had finished his work, he would read and study by the fireworks. • He would sit for hours, book in his hand. • Sometimes the boys would play a trick on their teachers. • He used to play tennis before marriage. • People used to think that the sun went round the earth. • When I was a boy, I used to like eat chocolate. • There used to be some trees in this field,use(d)n’t <didn’t> there?

27. Ought, need, dare • You ought not promise what you cannot perform. • Have you not paid him? You ought to have paid him. • Has he succeeded? Such an idle fellow ought not to have succeeded. • It need not be true.(auxiliary) • You need not be rich to help others. • You need not have given you so mush trouble. • We lay still, scarcely daring to breathe. • He could plan what another man dare not do, and he could do what another dare not plan. • How dare you say such rude things about him? • I have never dared (to)speak to him. • You are right ,I daresay(=very likely).

28. MEGAFEPS by 钱歌川1981：175M(mind, miss),E(enjoy),G(give up),A (admit),F(finish),E(escape),P(practice),S(stop)（霉咖啡不是) The teacher did not mind explaining the problem again. • You cannot miss seeing the statue on your way. • We enjoyed talking about old times. • I gave up smoking last month. • The man admitted having broken into the house. • You have avoid calling on others on Sundays. • Have you finished studying for your examination? • By some means or other he escaped being punished. • You should practice the piano regularly. • As long as you live , your heart never stops beating.

29. Remember • I do not remember your name. (想起) • I shall always remember your kindness. (记忆) • Remember me to your mother.(致意) • Remember a child on its birthday. (送小孩生日礼物) • Remember the waiter.(支付侍者小费) • My uncle remembered me in his will. (…在遗嘱中分遗产给我) • I remember seeing him once. • I remember that I saw him. • I remember to have seen him once. • I remember to see him tomorrow. • I remember that I must see him tomorrow.

30. Structure Ex. Rewrite the following sentences after the model, emphasizing the italicized parts by putting them at the beginning of the sentence. . Model:Developing a meaningful philosophy of life is less important than ever. Less important than ever is developing a meaningful philosophy of life. 1. They will give up the plan on no account. 2. He knows little how much his parents love him. On no account will they give up the plan. Little does he know how much his parents love him.

31. 3. He did not realize what a serous mistake he had made until he read the report. 4. The poor old man could hardly fall asleep with a pain in his leg. 5. We will give in to their demands under no conditions. Not until he read the report did he realize what a serious mistake he had made. Hardly could the poor old man fall asleep with a pain in his leg. Under no conditions will we give in to their demands.

32. Happy New Year !