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Chap 5 Language

Chap 5 Language. I. Introduction. A. Need for foreign language study -- this cannot be over emphasized, education is an investment and learning a foreign language especially by studying abroad will more than repay the cost over your career. http://clscholarship.org/. Even Freshman can apply.

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Chap 5 Language

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  1. Chap 5 Language

  2. I. Introduction A. Need for foreign language study -- this cannot be over emphasized, education is an investment and learning a foreign language especially by studying abroad will more than repay the cost over your career.

  3. http://clscholarship.org/

  4. Even Freshman can apply • I am a freshman in college and the fall semester just started a few weeks ago. We haven’t turned in much homework or taken any quizzes yet, so I don’t think my professors know my work very well. Can I use high school teachers for my recommendation forms? • We strongly encourage students to find professors or university-affiliated instructors (such as a graduate student teaching assistant) to complete their CLS recommendations. Professors regularly write letters of support for applicants to scholarship programs and have a strong grasp of how to write a supportive letter. However, we understand that your college career is only a few weeks old, so it may be more challenging to get a strong reference from a professor. CLS will accept recommendations from high school teachers, but we strongly advise submitting no more than one letter from a high school teacher.

  5. I. Introduction B. Define and describe language 1. Language is -- a system of communication through speech, a collection of sounds that are understood by a group of people to have the same meaning. a. The systematic use of symbols based initially on sounds b. The difference between Sign, Symbol & Signal • Symbol is a general representation of an idea • Sign and Signal more concrete and specific

  6. Sign & Signal • Sign – notice how the informationis conveyed even if the languageis different – limited purposeSignal – again information direct,language not needed

  7. Symbol • something visible/audible that by association or convention represents something else that is invisible • an idea, abstraction or concept • Words are symbols that can be associated with concepts, ideas, objects, emotions…. • Example: peace or chair or happiness

  8. 2. Why language is important a. its ability to transmit and transport ideas 1) Methods -- oral, written, mathematical, electronic... (includes higher math & computer languages)  b. a means of organizing thoughts 1) Provides order 2) Based on pattern of sounds 3) Since language has order this implies code -- could be scrambled 

  9. 2. Why language is important c. misinterpretation can occur as one moves between languages -- misorganize thoughts -- realize nuance and culture also play a role -- LANGUAGE IS NOT ONLY SOUND -- Example from Japan as cited in the NYTimes – “sore mo e desu ne”

  10. C. Tools geographers use to study spread & change of languageEight different tools described and defined. 

  11. C. Tools geographers use to study spread & change of language  1. Point of Origin -- Hearth (re-read appropriate sections in Chap 1) a. To determine hearth in PRE-HISTORIC TIMES -- use spatial object based vocabulary 1) Find common words for spatially based objects like plants, animals, natural features, climatic conditions coming from the various members of an existing language family 2) Determine which of these come from common roots, discard the rest from further consideration 3) Compare these common root-words especially for plants, climates, and physical environment to possible locations 4) The result will be possible historical locations for the languages hearth or origin point -- may need additional information to corroborate these conclusions

  12. Basically where did this language tree (Family) first sprout Group Branch FAMILY

  13. Indo-European Language Family Possible reason for spread: The Black Sea Flood - Top 10 Natural Disasters https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q7r3zvWJ16k Common Term English & Hindi • Beech tree Different Terms • Elephant & Hati Hearth http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ip2F8FUwco

  14. 2. Diffusion (review also section in Chap 1) a. Relocation -- Migration -- we will emphasis spread based on dominance, a new group arrives and so dominates a society that all accept the new language (i.e. Native Americans speak English today) b. Expansion -- spread beyond original group 1) Hierarchical -- from a node or point -- node could be a social class -- might never reach all parts of region or society 2) Contagious -- very rapid diffusion to all parts of a region or society 3) Stimulous -- underlying principle transferred but not actual form – next slide

  15. Diffusion cont… c. Stimulus -- underlying principle transferred but not actual form 1) Use of unisex terms like chairperson might result in the creation of new terms in other languages (one might even argue that Americans are simply finally catching-up with ideas from the French revolution where the term citizen was coined to remove any idea of class)

  16. 3 & 4. Isolation vs. Acculturation 3. Isolation -- when a group that speaks a common language becomes spatially or socially separated. Because of this separation, over time each language evolves or changes in different ways resulting in two languages emerging from one. a. note that if the isolation for one group results in few or no contacts with other language speakers, then it tends to evolve very slowly, thus maintaining a language more similar to the original before the split occurred (what's an example???)

  17. Insular Main-land Isolation • Example -- Icelandic Icelandic is an Indo-European language belonging to the North Germanic or Nordic branch of the Germanic languages. Traditionally, it was the westernmost of the Indo-European languages prior to the colonization of the Americas. Icelandic, Faroese, as well as Norwegian formerly comprised West Nordic; Danish and Swedish comprised East Nordic. The Nordic languages are now divided into Insular Nordic and mainland Scandinavian languages.

  18. 3 & 4. Isolation vs. Acculturation 4. Acculturation – “socialization: the adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture; ex: The socialization of children to the norms of their culture or another culture" wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn Norwegian is now more like Swedish and Danish than its true sister language of Icelandic – it has become “acculturated”

  19. French Demonstrations in Quebec:Opposing Acculturation??? http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/politics/language-culture/fighting-words-bill-101/three-strikes-against-bill-101.html

  20. 5. Evolution 5. Evolution -- the continual change of a language -- all languages continually evolve a. can be based on spatial interaction b. may lead to acculturation -- the French are especially afraid that their language is being corrupted by American English, they have government agencies to battle the dominant American culture https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=81IZDhXeJBk

  21. 6. Glottochronology 6. Glottochronology -- study of rate of change in a language as they separate and evolve into independent groups -- occurs over time and space a. Two assumptions 1) Basic vocabulary less subject to change  - parts of body - lower numerals - natural objects

  22. Examples • Solicit languages in class: • Words for 1-5 • Face • Mother & Father

  23. Glottochronology 2) Rate of loss (change) of vocabulary constant over time - 26% loss over 1,000 years when groups split - result could follow a language back as much as 10,000 years - useful in tracing the migration of groups before written or oral histories were maintained - basic tool in determining when member languages of a family separated

  24. Glottochronology b. Criticism 1) Rate of loss may not be constant 2) Not clear that the words chosen are the ones that are least likely to be lost or change

  25. 7. Spatial Object Based Vocabulary -some consider this a sub-category to the above description of Origin or Hearth area -recall the class discussion about words like Beech (for the tree species), and Elephant in the English and Hindi languages

  26. 8. Toponym Research 8. Reading the landscape for toponyms/place names to understand where a linguistic group resided or controlled an area at some time in the past enabling them to leave their language on the landscape

  27. Dane Law Places in England settled by Danes based on Danish town names

  28. Summary: the first two and last two tools deal with the spatial origin & spread of language, three through six with its change Geographic Origin & Spread • Hearth • Diffusion • Spatial Object Based • Toponym research Change • Isolation • Acculturation • Evolution • Glottochronology

  29. Other sections • Be sure to check over the other sections in the chapter and look at the study questions • In regards to regional dialects and generic names for soft drinks (realize this film was made in California) http://www.yourememberthat.com/media/11552/Laurel_and_Hardy_Buy_Sodas/ Start at 1:30

  30. http://www.businessinsider.com/22-gorgeous-maps-that-define-the-united-states-of-america-2013-7#how-americans-talk-about-groups-of-other-americans-13http://www.businessinsider.com/22-gorgeous-maps-that-define-the-united-states-of-america-2013-7#how-americans-talk-about-groups-of-other-americans-13

  31. How to Organize Languages • Super Families --pre-historic base for a collection of languages – no record remains, speculative relationships between branches – possible that all languages came from a small common set -- NOSTRALIC • Families – still long before recorded history, but– Archeologists able to speculate on a common ancestral language – INDO-EUROPEAN (see Marija Gimbutas & Colin Renfrew for theories).

  32. Group Branch FAMILY

  33. Branches – time only thousands of years ago ancestral Language existed but may or may not still be used – LATIN, SANSKRIT, ARMENIAN (all Indo-Eupropean) • Group – quite recent development, common origin, still share vocabulary and grammar – SPANISH, PORTUGESE, ROMANIAN (all from Latin – all Romance Languages) or German, Dutch, and English (all from West Germanic)

  34. Spread of Language in Eur-Asian Frontier https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KdQwalCPNAs

  35. How to Organize & Plot Languages Across Space Families Language Branches in Europe Branches Groups

  36. Critical Thinking: What kind of Regions are present on this map?

  37. Tracing back language to one Super Language https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wgM65_E387Q

  38. Simpsons in Canada https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hnewjEEUs1c

  39. Serious look at speaking Canadian – CBC Documentary https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eIoTpkM5N64

  40. Example of sudden evolution of English Language in Canada http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TYDfSBdKUC8

  41. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Nen_hH2rBs

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