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Understanding Protein Structure and Function in Cellular Biology

This unit explores the structure and variety of proteins, essential molecules in biology. All proteins are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur, forming around 20 types of amino acids linked by peptide bonds into polypeptides. The primary, secondary, and tertiary structures of proteins illustrate how they fold and function. From fibrous proteins like collagen, aiding in structural roles, to globular proteins such as enzymes and antibodies, this unit covers their diverse roles, including muscle contraction mechanisms involving actin and myosin.

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Understanding Protein Structure and Function in Cellular Biology

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  1. Unit 1 : Cell Function & Inheritance Ch. 1 Structure & Variety of proteins

  2. Protein Structure • All contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen (some have Sulphur) • These join to form amino acids • There are about 20 types of amino acid • Amino acids are joined together by strong covalent (or peptide) bonds = polypeptides • This joining of amino acids is called the proteins PRIMARY STRUCTURE

  3. Protein Structure • The polypeptide chain folds over • Weak hydrogen bonds form between certain amino acids • Forms a spiral helix - the SECONDARY STRUCTURE • Further cross-connections bridge across several polypeptide chains • This gives the final TERTIARY STRUCTURE (important in determining protein function)

  4. Variety & Role of Proteins • Fibrous Proteins • Several of the same polypeptides linked in parallel (rope-like) • Used for structural roles: • - actin & myosin (muscle contraction) • - collagen (skin, bone, tendons, ligaments) • - keratin (found in hair) • - elastin (found in artery walls)

  5. Variety & Role of Proteins • Globular Proteins (ball of string shape): • Carry out active roles e.g. • - enzymes, hormones, antibodies, transport proteins • Conjugated Proteins: • Globular proteins with non-protein parts • - lipoproteins (contain lipids) • - glycoproteins (contain carbohydrates) • - haemoproteins (contain haem e.g. haemoglobin)

  6. Muscular Contraction • Muscle fibres are made up of myofibrils • Each myofibril is divided into sacromeres • Each myofibril contains 2 slender, thread-like filaments • Thick filaments = myosin • Thin filaments = actin • During muscle contraction the thin filament slide over the thick filaments • Sacromere shortens overall

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