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Immunization

Immunization. Abdul Ghaffar Microbiology and Immunology. Milestones in immunization. 3000BC Evidence of sniffing powdered small pox crust in Egypt. 1500BC Turks introduce variolation. 1700AD Introduction of variolation in England and later in the US. 2000BC

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Immunization

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  1. Immunization Abdul Ghaffar Microbiology and Immunology

  2. Milestones in immunization • 3000BC • Evidence of sniffing powdered small pox crust in Egypt • 1500BC • Turks introduce variolation • 1700AD • Introduction of variolation in England and later in the US • 2000BC • Sniffing of small pox crust in China

  3. Introduction of variolation The wife of the British Ambassador in Turkey, in March 1717 wrote, following the variolation of her son, to a friend in England: “The small pox, so fatal, so general amongst us, is entirely harmless here by the invention of ingrafting….I am patriot enough to bring this invention into fashion in England.

  4. Milestones in immunization • 1780AD • Edward Jenner discovers small pox vaccine

  5. Edward Jenner Discovery of small pox vaccine

  6. Edward JennerAmong patients awaiting small pox vaccination

  7. Modern era of the vaccine • 1885 • Rabies vaccine (Pasteur) • 1934 • Pertussis • 1955 • Salk polio • 1920s • Diphtheria and Tetanus

  8. Modern era of the vaccine • 1960s • Mumps measles and rubella virus • Sabin polio • 1985 • Haemophilus • 1990s • Hepatitis and varicella

  9. Pre- & post-vaccine incidence of common preventable diseases

  10. Acquired Natural resistance Passive Active Artificial Artificial Natural Natural Different modes of acquiring immunity Immunity

  11. Natural Artificial Passive Immunity Placental transfer of IgG Antibodies or immunoglobulins Colostral transfer of IgA Immune cells

  12.  disease diphtheria, tetanus human, horse antibody source  indication human vericella zoster horse gas gangrene, botulism, snake bite, scorpion sting prophylaxis, therapy immunodeficiencies post-exposure post-exposure human human rabies, prophylaxis hypogamma-globulinemia Passive Immunization

  13. Disadvantages Advantages Advantages and Disadvantages of Passive Immunization no long term protection serum sickness immediate protection risk of hepatitis and Aids graft vs. host disease (cell graft only)

  14. Artificial Natural Active Immunization Attenuated organisms killed organisms exposure to sub-clinical infections sub-cellular fragments toxins others

  15. Live Attenuated Vaccines • hepatitis A • not required in SC • polio* • not used in std. schedule • yellow fever • Military and travelers measles, mumps & rubella • Varicella zoster • children with no history of chicken pox • tuberculosis • not used in this country

  16. Killed Whole-Organism Vaccines polio • Q fever • population at risk • influenza • elderly and at risk • typhoid, cholera, plague • epidemics and travelers • pertussis • replaced by the acellular vaccine • rabies • post exposure

  17. Microbial Fragment Vaccines • Bordetella. Pertussis • virulence factor protein • Haemophilus influenzae B • protein conjugated polysaccharide • Streptococcus pneumoniae • Polysaccharide mixture • Neisseria meningitidis • polysaccharide

  18. Microbial Fragment Vaccines • Clostridium tetani (tetanus) • inactivated toxin (toxoid) • Corynebacterium diphtheriae • inactivated toxin (toxoid) • Vibrio cholerae • toxin subunits • Hepatitis B virus • cloned in yeast

  19. Toxoid chemical modification toxin moiety antigenic determinants Modification of Toxin to Toxoid Toxin

  20. Future Vaccines • anti-Idiotype Vaccine DNA Immuno-dominant peptide

  21. Recommended Childhood Immunization Schedule

  22.  Event Frequency • local • redness, swelling, pain 1 in 2-3 doses • systemic: Mild/moderate • fever, drowsiness, fretfulness vomiting • anorexia 1 in 2-3 doses 1 in 5-15 doses • systemic: more serious • persistent crying, fever • collapse, convulsions • acute encephalopathy • permanent neurological deficit 1 in 100-300 doses 1 in 1750 doses 1 in 100,000 doses 1 in 300,000 doses Adverse Events OccurringWithin 48 Hours DTP of Vaccination

  23. Adverse event occurringwithin 48 hours DTP vaccination

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