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IMMUNIZATION

IMMUNIZATION. EDWARD JENNER. HISTORY. 14 May 1796 - Jenner inoculated James Phipps, an 8 yr old boy with cowpox lymph taken from Sara Nelms, a milkmaid. Boy recovered after a brief illness. Jenner inoculated pus taken from a small pox patient. Boy showed no reaction.

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IMMUNIZATION

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  1. IMMUNIZATION

  2. EDWARD JENNER

  3. HISTORY • 14 May 1796 - Jenner inoculated James Phipps, an 8 yr old boy with cowpox lymph taken from Sara Nelms, a milkmaid. • Boy recovered after a brief illness

  4. Jenner inoculated pus taken from a small pox patient. • Boy showed no reaction. • Jenner recommended vaccination for prevention of smallpox

  5. Smallpox vaccination being a safe, simple, effective and inexpensive procedure, gained universal acceptance. • Main instrument for eradication for smallpox at global level. • Small pox has since been eradicated but Jenner lives for ever.

  6. SMALL POX

  7. Small pox eradicated in 1977. • IMMUNIZATION MOST POWERFUL & COST EFFECTIVE TOOL.

  8. The first vaccine having been sent by jenner himself and used in bombay in 1802. • The pilot projects began during 1960. • WHO certified India to be free of smallpox in march 1977. • The global eradication of smallpox is arguably the greatest achievement of twentieth century medicine

  9. VACCINE PREVENTABLE DISEASES

  10. VPD • An infectious disease for which an effective preventive vaccine exists. • If a person dies from it, the death is considered a vaccine-preventable death.

  11. TARGETED VPDS Diphtheria Hepatitis B Measles Pertusis Poliomyelitis Tetanus Tuberculosis

  12. DIPHTHERIA • PERTUSSIS • TETANUS • POLIO • TUBERCULOSIS • MEASLES

  13. DIPHTHERIA

  14. PERTUSSIS

  15. PERTUSIS

  16. TETANUS

  17. POLIO

  18. TUBERCULOSIS

  19. MEASLES

  20. MEASELS

  21. MUMPS

  22. CHIKEN POX

  23. FULLY IMMUNIZED CHILD • A child who received One dose of BCG, Three doses of DPT and OPV One dose of measles before one year of age. • This gives a child the best chance for survival

  24. 1985 : Universal Immunization Program (UIP) introduced; Expanded to entire country; Measles added. • 1990 : Vitamin-A supplementation. • 1992: Child Survival and Safe Motherhood Program.

  25. 1995: Polio National Immunization Days. • 1997: Reproductive and Child Health Program (RCH I). • 2005 : RCH-II and the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM).

  26. EXPANDED PROGRAMME ON IMMUNIZATION 1974 • 1974-

  27. EXPANDED… • Adding more disease controlling antigens to vaccination schedules. • Extending coverage to all corners of a country. • Spreading services to reach the less privileged sectors of the society

  28. 1978 – PRIMARY HEALTH CONCEPT • ALMA – ATA declaration included immunization as one of the strategies for achieving HFA by 2000 AD. • WHO named this immunization programme as EXPANDED PROGRAMME ON IMMUNIZATION.

  29. 1985 – UNICEF re named it as “UNIVERSAL IMMUNIZATION PROGRAMME”. • There is no difference between both the prog.

  30. The goal was to achieve universal immunization by 1990.

  31. 3. The aim was to achieve 100 % coverage of pregnant women with 2 doses of TT. • & at least 85% coverage of children under one year (with 3 doses of DPT, OPV & one dose of BCG, One dose of MMR) by 1990

  32. OBJECTIVES • To increase immunization coverage. • To improve quality of service. • To achieve self sufficiency in vaccine production

  33. To train health personnel. • To supply cold chain equipment and establish a good surveillance network. • To ensure district wise monitoring

  34. CHANNEL OF SERVICE PROVISION • Immunization services are provided through the existing HCDS. (MCH centers, PHC, HSc, Hospitals, Dispensaries).

  35. Though the target was 100% coverage no country in the world has reached the coverage figure. Therefore it can be interpreted as “NO CHILD SHOULD BE DENIED OF IMMUNIZATION.”

  36. MOBILITY SUPPORT

  37. PULSE POLIO IMMUNIZATION • 1995. • Under 5 children. • Additional oral polio drops administered in December & January.

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