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Infancy

Infancy. Learning Capacities & Perceptual Development. “The infant’s world is a great blooming, buzzing confusion.” ~ William James. How do infants learn?. Classical conditioning: Relies on reflexes - Related to survival value of the UCS-CS. How do infants learn?.

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Infancy

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  1. Infancy Learning Capacities & Perceptual Development “The infant’s world is a great blooming, buzzing confusion.” ~ William James

  2. How do infants learn? • Classical conditioning: Relies on reflexes - Related to survival value of the UCS-CS

  3. How do infants learn? • Operant conditioning: Spontaneous behavior followed by stimulus changes the likelihood of it reoccurring • Reinforcer: positive stimulus • Punishment: negative stimulus

  4. Rovee-Collier research

  5. How do infants learn? • Habituation: reduction in response strength due to repetitive stimulation • Recovery: heightened response rate upon novel stimuli Habituation : shown picture until no longer interested (e.g., look away) Recovery: old & novel picture & assess response (e.g., look at novel picture) Did not Learn Learned

  6. How do infants learn? • Imitation: learning by copying another person • Limited ability in young infants • Starting point for operant conditioning Which learning capacity matters most?

  7. Which pattern do infants prefer to look at? Perceptual Development > 6 weeks < 3 weeks It depends on which contrast they can perceive

  8. Visual Development • Pattern perception • Infants prefer patterned over plain stimuli • Contrast sensitivity – if pattern detectable, prefer stimuli with more • Methods • Habituation-recovery technique

  9. Visual Development 1. Pattern perception • Infants prefer patterned over plain stimuli • Contrast sensitivity – if pattern detectable, prefer stimuli with more • Methods • Habituation-recovery technique • Visual scanning – track eye movements

  10. What do infants perceive on the human face?

  11. Visual Development 2. Depth perception • Judge distance of objects from one another & ourselves • Why is depth perception important? • **Allows for reaching & grasping accurately (3 mo)** • Related to safer crawling (6 mo) • Methods: visual cliff (Gibson & Walk, 1960)

  12. Visual cliff

  13. Results: % of infants that cross the cliff Time crawling & likelihood to cross cliff r = .54 Nature & nurture influence depth perception!

  14. Preparation for In-class Activity 3 Find a reputable toy website (e.g., Fisher Price, Leap Frog, Baby Einstein, etc.) and visit the section featuring toys for infants. Identify one of the top selling toys and bring information (i.e., name, picture, website, etc.) in for the next class period.

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