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Architectural Freedom with Serial Interconnects

This presentation by Emmanuel Eriksson explores the trends and shortcomings of bus-based architectures and discusses the benefits and capabilities of switched interconnects like StarFabric and Advanced Switching. It emphasizes the scalability, density, flexibility, low cost, high availability, and performance of these interconnects in supporting various types of traffic in embedded distributed systems.

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Architectural Freedom with Serial Interconnects

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  1. Architectural FreedomwithSerial Interconnects NDIA Conference San Diego, CA October 20-23, 2003 Emmanuel Eriksson – Dy 4 Systems (emmanuel.eriksson@dy4.com)

  2. Device Device Device Device Switched Interconnect 2000’s Device Device Device Device Device Device 1990’s Device Bridge Device Device Device Device Device Device Device Device 1980’s Device Device Device Device Interconnect TrendsBus vs. Switched

  3. Shortcomings of Parallel Buses Buses Don’t: • scale number of connections • scale physically • scale bandwidth • support multiple traffic types • support high availability You only need to encounter one limitation to make the move to a new architecture

  4. Large amount of data movement Large amount of data processing Large number of processing elements Often multiple processor types DSP, CPU and NPU Wide range of I/O devices Sensors Imaging and Video devices Storage Network Interfaces Displays Typical Embedded Distributed System Requirements

  5. C P U I O C A R D I O C A R D I O C A R D I O C A R D I O C A R D I O C A R D I O C A R D PCI Bus Bus Based Architecture • Single address map • Limited to a single processor or single bus owner at a time • Difficulty scaling processing requirements with I/O needs CPU Memory Sensor Interface Bus Bridge SCSI Ethernet USB Bus Bridge

  6. LAN Based Architecture • Internet Protocol is a sophisticated protocol that is aimed at a complex problem: Interconnect hundreds of thousands of computers • Handle extreme latencies • Handle lost packets • Handle corrupted packets • Handle out-of-order packet arrival

  7. Limitations of Current Architectures • Difficulty balancing computational power with I/O requirements • No support for both processor-to-processor and processor-to-device communication (Ethernet and bus architectures can do either but not both) • “Lossy” LAN transport do not meet lossless data collection requirements without additional software • Ethernet will drop packets if congestion occurs • High latency or limited bandwidth scaling • Moving a 64 bytes packet takes > 100 microseconds with Ethernet versus a couple of microseconds with a switch fabric • Limited Class of Service capability • Ethernet has no separate queuing or buffering for CoS • Buses don’t have any CoS

  8. Device Device CPU/Device CPU/Device Switched Interconnect Device Device CPU/Device CPU/Device Serial Switched Interconnects Scalability, Density, FlexibilitySupports “disaggregated” and “virtual” systems with highly flexible upgradeability Low Cost Leverages PCI infrastructure and a wealth of products with lean, protocol-agnostic switching. High Availability & Reliability Failures detected, reported & managed. Lossless fabric with CRC protection. One failure can’t take down system High Performance Unified FabricMultiple types and classes of traffic supported on low latency, high bandwidth interconnect.

  9. StarFabric & PCI Express Advanced Switching (AS) • Scalable, Extensible Serial Switched Interconnects • Lean, High Performance, Low Cost Switching Architectures • Layered Approach Promotes Efficient Modularity • StarFabric • Open standard switched interconnect (StarFabric Trade Association) • Based on 622Mb/s SERDES technology • 4X data bandwidth of 2 Gb/s • Links can extend beyond single chassis up to 10 meters through standard CAT5 cabling • In production since Spring 2002 • PCI Express - Advanced Switching (AS) • Based on the PCI Express™ architecture • Based on 2.5Gb/s SERDES technology • 4X data bandwidth of 8 Gb/s • Available in late 2004

  10. Multi-Layered Protocols Operating System SF/AS Driver P-to-P Driver Peer-Peer Software Legacy PCI Bus Driver (init, enum, config) StarFabric & Advanced Switching Packet Switching Data routing, Credit based flow control, Event and error handling, etc. Transaction Data Integrity Hardware CRC, Link Synchronization, Auto negotiation, Link status Data Link Point to point, serial, differential,hot-plug, inter-op form factors 622Mb/s for StarFabric 2.5Gb/s for AS Physical

  11. Switch Example Interconnect: StarFabric Parallel Bus PCI or TDM or Proprietary Bus Bus Bridge Bridge With one Switch device, connect 6 Bus segments StarFabric Frames at 2.5G Transmit and 2.5G Receive Bridge Bridge Bus Switch Bus Redundant fabric interconnect accomplished with a 2nd Switch device Bridge Bridge Bus Bus

  12. uC uC Processor uC uC I/O I/O I/O I/O Memory Bridge Bridge Chipset Bridge Bridge Bridge Bridge Switched Interconnect Memory DSP DSP GigE MAC Bridge New Degrees of Architectural Freedom Processor Boards Other IO: Sensors EO/IR Video Voice comms Etc... CPU Memory Chipset Solid State Storage Storage Blades SCSI/FC Cntrl DSP Boards SCSI/FC Cntrl SF or AS Fabric Bridge Memory Bridge DSP Network Gateway DSP

  13. C P U 2 C P U 2 Adaptive InfrastructureLife Cycle Benefits Initial Purchase Initial Upgrade Mid Life Kicker S W I T C H I / O C A R D D S P D S P C P U C P U S T O R A G E S T O R A G E 1 G L A N S W I T C H S W I T C H I / O C A R D I / O C A R D D S P D S P D S P C P U C P U C P U S T O R A G E S T O R A G E 1 G L A N S W I T C H S W I T C H I / O C A R D D S P D S P D S P C P U C P U C P U 2 C P U 2 S T O R A G E 2 S T O R A G E 2 S W I T C H I / O C A R D 10 G L A N Scale capacity Upgrade CPUs & Storage Increase LAN speeds

  14. Dy 4 System Solutions CHAMP-FX (Dual FPGA Board) StarReach (PMC Carrier Board) StarFabric Interconnect & Interprocessor Communication Software DMV-182 (Single Board Computer) CHAMP-AVII (Quad PowerPC)

  15. Advantages of Distributed Switching Backplane switching Separate Switch Card StarFabric Switch circuit on backplane Switch card Passive Backplane  • Switching on card • No active backplane • Four slots used  X • Four slots • Active circuits on backplane • Requires extra slot • Single point of failure • Extra LRU item logistics X  X X 

  16. Summary • Switched Interconnects like StarFabric and PCI Express AS: • Provide low cost, high performance interconnects for multislot, distributed architectures • Leverage the PCI/PCI-X infrastructure and volumes • Provide CPU-to-CPU and CPU-to-device communication • Reduces processor overhead and system latencies • Provides a reliable interconnect for multiple classes of service • Enables design flexibility and system disaggregation • Allows flexible fabric architecture, centralized or distributed switching

  17. Thank You! Contact information for follow up questions or discussions... Emmanuel Eriksson Technology Architect Technology Innovation Group Dy 4 Systems Inc. emmanuel.eriksson@dy4.com (613) 599-9199 x5462 or visit... www.stargen.com www.dy4.com

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