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Human Physiology 8-27-11 REVIEW SESSION THIS THURSDAY, 7:30 AM

Human Physiology 8-27-11 REVIEW SESSION THIS THURSDAY, 7:30 AM. Metabolism The sum of all biochemical reactions going on at the body at a given time. Metabolic rate = heat production = ATP production = oxygen consumption. Basal metabolic rate = lowest metabolic rate

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Human Physiology 8-27-11 REVIEW SESSION THIS THURSDAY, 7:30 AM

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  1. Human Physiology8-27-11REVIEW SESSION THIS THURSDAY, 7:30 AM

  2. MetabolismThe sum of all biochemical reactions going on at the body at a given time.Metabolic rate = heat production = ATP production = oxygen consumption

  3. Basal metabolic rate = lowest metabolic rate necessary to keep a person alive.Measured under conditions of rest, non-digesting, non-reproducing, non-emotionally stressed, and non-temperature stressed conditions.Time of day also a factor, but ignored by medical science.

  4. Factors that can affect level of BMRLong-term effects1. Sex 2. Age3. Body Size

  5. Factors that can affect level of BMRLong-term effects1. Sex 2. Age3. Body Size

  6. Short-term factors that can affect BMR1. Exercise2. Digestion3. Alcohol4. Trauma5. Changes in hormonal status (norepinephrine or thyroxin)6. Air temperature

  7. Regulation of Body TemperatureHeat vs. temperature

  8. Physical Principles1. Heat always flows from area of greater heat energy to lower heatenergy.2. The rate of heat flow is dependent on the temperature differential between the warmer area and the cooler area (larger Tcauses faster rate of heat flow)

  9. Mechanisms of heat exchange1. Radiation (heat loss or heat gain)2. Conduction (heat loss or heat gain)3. Convection (heat loss or heat gain)4. Evaporation (heat loss only)

  10. All living things produce heat but..Depending on the rate of heat production, heat production may or may not affect body temperature.

  11. Metabolic rate of all living organisms increases with increasing temperature log Metabolic rate Temperature

  12. Birds and mammals(homeothermic, endothermic) 98F Met. rate Tb 72 78 Air temperature Air temperature If heat prod = heat loss, Tb constant If heat prod > heat loss, Tb rises If heat prod < heat loss, Tb drops

  13. Shivering Piloerection Sweating Vasodilation vasoconstriction

  14. Insulation decreases the need for increased heat production in the cold Met. rate 72 Air temperature

  15. Temperature Regulation System1. Morphology a. sensors--located in skin, brain, spinal cord, liver, muscle hot warm cold Firing rate Temperature of skin, or brain, etc.

  16. 2. Integrator (hypothalamus) cold output warm hot Hypothalamus compares input from sensors with a “setpoint”, and takes preventative action BEFORE body temp. changes

  17. 3. Output1. Motor a. shivering b. posture changes c. behavior 2. Sympathetic nervous system (one branch of the autonomic nervous system) a. vasomotor responses b. piloerection c. sweating

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