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The Determination of Exchange Rates

The Determination of Exchange Rates. Chapter 2. CHAPTER 2 THE DETERMINATION OF EXCHANGE RATES. CHAPTER OVERVIEW: I. EQUILIBRIUM EXCHANGE RATES II. ROLE OF CENTRAL BANKS III. EXPECTATIONS AND THE ASSET MARKET MODEL. Part I. Equilibrium Exchange Rates.

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The Determination of Exchange Rates

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  1. The Determination of Exchange Rates Chapter 2

  2. CHAPTER 2THE DETERMINATION OF EXCHANGE RATES • CHAPTER OVERVIEW: • I. EQUILIBRIUM EXCHANGE RATES • II. ROLE OF CENTRAL BANKS • III. EXPECTATIONS AND THE ASSET MARKET MODEL

  3. Part I. Equilibrium Exchange Rates • SETTING THE EQUILIBRIUM • EXCHANGE RATES • market-clearing prices that equilibrate the quantities supplied and demanded of a foreign currency.

  4. Equilibrium Exchange Rates • How Americans Purchase German Goods • 1. Foreign Currency Demand • -derived from the demand for foreign country’s (German) goods, services, and financial assets by • locals (US). • e.g. The demand for German goods by Americans

  5. Equilibrium Exchange Rates • 2. Foreign Currency Supply: • -derived from the foreign country’s demand for local (US) goods. • -They must convert their • currency to purchase. • e.g. German demand for US goods • means Germans convert Euro • to US $in order to buy US • goods.

  6. Equilibrium Exchange Rates • 3. Equilibrium Exchange Rate • occurs where the quantity supplied of Euro equals the • quantity demanded at a • specific local (US) price. • In this example the demand and supply for Euro is not only based on Germany and US

  7. Equilibrium Exchange Rates • How Exchange Rates Change • 1. Increased demand • as more foreign goods are demanded, the price of the foreign currency in local currency increases and vice versa.

  8. Equilibrium Exchange Rates • 2. Increased supply • as foreigners demand more local goods are, the price of the local currency in foreign currency increases and vice versa.

  9. Equilibrium Exchange Rates • 3. Equilibrium Exchange Rate • adjusts based on the changes in the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded of a currency.

  10. Equilibrium Exchange Rates • Home Currency depreciation • - Foreign currency becoming more valuable than the home currency. • - Conversely, the foreign currency’s value has appreciated against the • home currency.

  11. Equilibrium Exchange Rates • 3. Calculating a Depreciation: • = (e0 - e1)/ e1 • where e0 = old currency value • e1 = new currency value

  12. Equilibrium Exchange Rates • Currency Appreciation • = (e1 - e0)/ e0 • where e0 = old currency value • e1 = new currency value

  13. Equilibrium Exchange Rates • EXAMPLE: Euro Appreciation • If the dollar value of the Euro goes from $0.84 (e0) to $0.89 (e1), then the Euro has appreciated by • (.89 - .84)/ .84 = 5.95%

  14. Equilibrium Exchange Rates • EXAMPLE: US$ Depreciation • We use the first formula, • (e0 - e1)/ e1 • substituting • (.84 - .89)/ .89 = - 5.62% • the US$ depreciation.

  15. Equilibrium Exchange Rates • D. FACTORS AFFECTING EXCHANGE RATES: • 1. Inflation rates • 2. Interest rates • 3. GNP growth rates • Of the two countries

  16. EXPECTATIONS • Role of Expectations : • -Currency is a financial asset • -Exchange rate is simple relationship of two financial assets • -Expectations about the future plays an important role in determining the current value

  17. EXPECTATIONS • Demand for Money and Currency Values: • Asset Market Model • A. Exchange rates reflect the supply of and demand for foreign-currency denominated assets.

  18. EXPECTATIONS • B. Soundness of a Nation’s Economic Policies • A nation’s currency tends to strengthen with sound economic policies. • Strength of the economy is reflected on the currency.

  19. EXPECTATIONS • EXPECTATIONS AND CENTRAL BANK BEHAVIOR • - exchange rates are also influenced by expectations of central bank behavior.

  20. EXPECTATIONS • A. Central Bank Reputations • B. Central Bank Independence • C. Currency Boards

  21. THE ROLE OF CENTRAL BANKS • V. FUNDAMENTALS OF CENTRAL BANK INTERVENTION • A. Role of Exchange Rates: • LINKS BETWEEN • THE DOMESTIC AND THE • WORLD ECONOMY

  22. THE ROLE OF CENTRAL BANKS • B. IMPACT OF EXCHANGE RATE CHANGES • 1. Appreciation: • -domestic prices increase • relative to foreign prices. • -Exports: less competitive • Imports: more attractive

  23. THE ROLE OF CENTRAL BANKS • 2. Currency Depreciation • - domestic prices fall relative to foreign prices. • - Exports: more price competitive. • - Imports: less attractive

  24. THE ROLE OF CENTRAL BANKS • C. Foreign Exchange Market Intervention • 1. Definition: the official purchases and sales of currencies through the central bank to influence the home exchange rate.

  25. THE ROLE OF CENTRAL BANKS • Intervention : • -Sterilized, by open market operations • -Unsterilized • Effectiveness of intervention

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