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Respiratory System Lecture 3

This lecture explores the thoracic and abdominal muscles involved in respiration. It covers the anatomy and function of muscles such as the diaphragm, external and internal intercostals, and abdominal muscles. The lecture also discusses the basics of breathing and the role of these muscles in gas exchange.

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Respiratory System Lecture 3

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  1. Respiratory SystemLecture 3

  2. Thoracic Muscles Accessory Muscles Sternocleido- mastoid TransversusThoracis Scalenus External Intercostals Internal Intercostals Serratus (3) LevatoresCostarum Abdominal Muscles Rectus Abdominus Obliques (2) Diaphragm Transversus Abdominus

  3. External Abdominal Muscles Internal Rectus Abdominus Obliques Transversus Abdominus

  4. Abdomen • Rectus abdominus • Compartmentalized into 4-5 segments • Connects to ribs 5-7, Xiphoid process • Contract: depresses lower ribs and sternum http://www.anatomyexpert.com/structure_detail/5295/ Zemlin, W.R. (1998). Pg. 59.

  5. Abdomen • External and Internal Obliques: • (External) Largest, strongest abdominal muscles • Connects to lower ribs • Contract: depresses lower ribs, pulls in front/side of abdomen http://www.anatomyexpert.com/structure_detail/5299/ http://www.anatomyexpert.com/structure_detail/5301/ Zemlin, W.R. (1998). Pg. 59.

  6. Abdomen • Transversus abdominus • Deepest abdominal muscles • Connects to lower ribs • Contract: pulls in front/side of abdomen http://www.anatomyexpert.com/structure_detail/5306/ Zemlin, W.R. (1998). Pg. 59.

  7. Thoracic Muscles Accessory Muscles Sternocleido- mastoid TransversusThoracis Scalenus External Intercostals Internal Intercostals Serratus (3) LevatoresCostarum Abdominal Muscles Rectus Abdominus Obliques (2) Diaphragm Transversus Abdominus

  8. Respiratory Physiology

  9. Outline • Breathing Basics • Bigger Breaths • Breathing for Speech

  10. Why do we breathe? • Gas Exchange • Oxygen (O2): Arteries • Carbon Dioxide (CO2): Veins Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy, Physiology, Acoustics, and Perception. Pg. 12.

  11. How do we breathe? Boyle’s Law: PV = constant • P = pressure • V = volume Air moves from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure http://sciencesquad.questacon.edu.au/activities/model_lung.html

  12. Inspiration Expiration Diaphragm External Intercostals Abdominal Muscles Internal Intercostals

  13. Inspiration Inspiration Diaphragm External Intercostals Abdominal Muscles

  14. Diaphragm: Active • Major muscle of inspiration • Sheet of muscle and tendon between the lungs and abdomen • Dome-shaped • Muscle: 3 attachments • Sternal origin: Xiphoid process • Costal origin: costal cartilages 7-12 • Vertebral origin: upper lumbar vertebrae (crura) • Right crus: L1-L3 or L4 • Left crus: L1-L2 Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy, Physiology, Acoustics, and Perception. Pg. 20.

  15. Diaphragm: Active • When the diaphragm contracts, it moves down and flattens • Pushes abdominal cavity down • Raises the ribcage • This increases the space in the thoracic cavity http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hp-gCvW8PRY Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy, Physiology, Acoustics, and Perception. Pg. 21.

  16. External Intercostals: Active • External intercostals • Between ribs (11) • Origin: vertebrae • Course down and lateral • Insertion: costal cartilages • Contract: ribs move up and out • This increases the space in the thoracic cavity http://www.anatomyexpert.com/structure_detail/5283/ Zemlin, W.R. (1998). Pg. 59.

  17. Abdominal Muscles: Passive • Diaphragm pushes abdominal cavity down Zemlin, W.R. (1998). Pg. 59.

  18. Inspiration Expiration Diaphragm External Intercostals Abdominal Muscles Internal Intercostals

  19. Expiration Abdominal Muscles Diaphragm Internal Intercostals

  20. Internal Intercostals: Active • Internal intercostals • Between ribs (11) • Origin: sternum • Course down and lateral (opposite external intercostals) • Insertion: rib angle • Contract: ribs move down and in http://www.anatomyexpert.com/structure_detail/5287/ Zemlin, W.R. (1998). Pg. 59.

  21. Abdominal Muscles: Active • Rectus abdominus • Compartmentalized into 4-5 segments • Connects to ribs 5-7, Xiphoid process • Contract: depresses lower ribs and sternum http://www.anatomyexpert.com/structure_detail/5295/ Zemlin, W.R. (1998). Pg. 59.

  22. Abdominal Muscles: Active • External and Internal Obliques: • (External) Largest, strongest abdominal muscles • Connects to lower ribs • Contract: depresses lower ribs, pulls in front/side of abdomen http://www.anatomyexpert.com/structure_detail/5299/ http://www.anatomyexpert.com/structure_detail/5301/ Zemlin, W.R. (1998). Pg. 59.

  23. Abdominal Muscles: Active • Transversus abdominus • Deepest abdominal muscles • Connects to lower ribs • Contract: pulls in front/side of abdomen http://www.anatomyexpert.com/structure_detail/5306/ Zemlin, W.R. (1998). Pg. 59.

  24. Diaphragm: Passive • Major muscle of inspiration • Diaphragm relaxes and returns to original dome shape Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy, Physiology, Acoustics, and Perception. Pg. 20.

  25. Inspiration Expiration Diaphragm External Intercostals Abdominal Muscles Internal Intercostals

  26. 4 Phases of Respiration Titze, I.R. (2000). Principles of Voice Production. Pg. 71.

  27. Alveoli Properties • Lined with moist epithelium • Surface tension • Recoil tendency • Source of lung elasticity • Surfactant • Type II alveolar cells • Decreases surface tension to achieve balance Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy, Physiology, Acoustics, and Perception. Pg. 12.

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