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Understanding the Respiratory System: Breathing Dynamics and Speech Production

This lecture explores the respiratory system's fundamentals, focusing on the mechanics of breathing, including inspiration and expiration. Key structures involved like the diaphragm, intercostal muscles, and accessory muscles are discussed. The course covers variations in lung volumes during different activities, like conversational speech and loud reading, as well as principles such as Boyle’s Law and the role of subglottal pressure in speech production. Attendees will gain insights into how breathing patterns impact speech and communication.

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Understanding the Respiratory System: Breathing Dynamics and Speech Production

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  1. Respiratory SystemLecture 4

  2. Outline • Breathing Basics • Bigger Breaths • Breathing for Speech

  3. Inspiration Expiration Diaphragm External Intercostals Abdominal Muscles Internal Intercostals Accessory Muscles Accessory Muscles?

  4. Inspiration Inspiration Diaphragm: down External Intercostals: ribs up and out Abdominal Muscles: down and out

  5. Accessory Muscles • Sternocleidomastoid • Origins: manubrium of sternum and clavicle • Unite and course upward • Insertion: mastoid process of temporal bone • Contract: when head is fixed, bilateral contraction elevates sternum, clavicle, ribcage http://www.anatomyexpert.com/structure_detail/5086/ Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Pg. 16.

  6. Accessory Muscles • Scalenus • Origin: cervical vertebrae • Insertion: ribs 1 & 2 • Contract: raises ribs http://www.anatomyexpert.com/structure_detail/5270/ http://www.anatomyexpert.com/structure_detail/5267/ http://www.anatomyexpert.com/structure_detail/5262/ Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Pg. 16.

  7. Accessory Muscles • Levatorescostarum • Origin: cervical/thoracic vertebrae • Insertion: rib below origin • Contract: elevate ribs (similar to external intercostals) http://www.anatomyexpert.com/structure_detail/5238/ Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Pg. 16.

  8. Accessory Muscles • Serratus anterior • Origin: ribs • Insertion: scapula • Contract: elevates ribs • Serratus posterior superior • Origin: cervical/thoracic vertebrae • Insertion: upper ribs • Contract: elevates ribs • Serratus posterior inferior • Origin: thoracic/lumbar vertebrae • Insertion: lower ribs • Contract: depresses ribs http://www.anatomyexpert.com/structure_detail/5505/ http://www.anatomyexpert.com/structure_detail/5284/ http://www.anatomyexpert.com/structure_detail/5285/ Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Pg. 16.

  9. Accessory Muscles • Transversusthoracis • Origin: lower sternum • Insertion: upper ribs • Contract: depresses ribs http://www.anatomyexpert.com/structure_detail/5289/ Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Pg. 16.

  10. Inspiration Expiration Diaphragm External Intercostals Abdominal Muscles Internal Intercostals Accessory Muscles Accessory Muscles Serratus Posterior Inferior TransversusThoracis Sternocleido-mastoid LevatoresCostarum Scalenus Serratus: Anterior & Posterior Superior

  11. Outline • Breathing Basics • Bigger Breaths • Breathing for Speech

  12. Lung Volume • Tidal breathing excursion: 10% VC • Inspiration for conversation: 60% VC • Inspiration for loud reading: 80% VC Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy, Physiology, Acoustics, and Perception. Pg. 31.

  13. Lung Pressure • Measured in cm H2O • Sustained vowel: 6 cm H2O • Conversation: 3-20 cm H2O • Loud yell: 80 cm H2O Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy, Physiology, Acoustics, and Perception. Pg. 34.

  14. Why can you generate larger pressures at larger lung volumes? • Boyle’s Law: PV = constant

  15. Sustained Vowel Phonation • How do we maintain the same expiratory pressure for speech when lung volumes are changing? • Passive forces • Muscle effort starts at 55% VC Zemlin, W.R. (1998). Pg. 91.

  16. Speech Production • Muscle contractions oppose relaxation pressure with desired pressure as the end result • Relaxation pressure – Subglottal pressure = Amount of muscle activity • 55% VC relaxation pressure maintains subglottal pressure Zemlin, W.R. (1998). Pg. 92.

  17. Larynx/Vocal Folds • Larynx • Houses the vocal folds • Vocal folds • Valve air • Protective mechanism • Paradoxical Vocal Fold Movement (PVFM) or Vocal Cord Dysfunction (VCD) glottis http://www.homebusinessandfamilylife.com/larynx.html http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/normal-vocal-cords

  18. Lung Pressure • Measured in cm H2O • Sustained vowel: 6 cm H2O • Conversation: 3-20 cm H2O • Loud yell: 80 cm H2O Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy, Physiology, Acoustics, and Perception. Pg. 34.

  19. Types of Breathing • Clavicular: shoulders move up and down during breathing • Thoracic: balance of movement during breathing between the thoracic and abdominal regions • Diaphragmatic (Abdominal): most of the movement during breathing occurs in the abdominal area

  20. Movie- Charity (Physiology) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYPv69FEK2M

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