Cry the Beloved Country

1. Cry the Beloved Country Alan Paton 1903-1988

2. Author’s Background • Born in Pietermaritzburg in the Natal province of eastern South Africa, a region formerly known as Zululand. • Parents were devout Christians • Studied mathematics and physics at Natal University College • Was principal of the Diepkloof Reformatory for black youths in Johannesburg—improved conditions and sought to rehabilitate.

3. Umzimkulu

4. Ixopo

5. Drakensburg

6. Cry the Beloved Country • Published February 1948 • Novel was a huge success in Europe and US but was unpopular in South Africa • The novel was translated into Zulu and a number of other languages and has sold well over 15 million copies

7. Johannesburg

8. Paton’s Social Conscience • Paton is considered a reformer and used his novels, short stories, and essays as vehicles for his strong philosophical and moral viewpoints. • Strove to promote social change, particularly with regard to the treatment of native South Africans and the preservation of the land

9. Comments on Cry • “Although circumstances drew Paton into political activity, it would be improper to regard this novel as a political document. While a primary concern of art is a formal beauty that may reflect justice, a primary concern of politics is the pursuit of power, and literature that serves it is propaganda, not art. Cry the Beloved Country is not propaganda.” Professor Callen

10. Literary Techniques • Intercalary Chapters or “Inserted”—a passage that is not part of the narrative and does not involve the main characters. Usually used to make a thematic point or describe a scene that is apart from the action. • Dialogue—Paton’s use of dashes, rather than quotation marks, serves to quicken the pace of the dialogue and to emphasize words, rather than the speaker. Speaker is rarely identified, requiring the reader to pay careful attention.

11. Genre: The Social Realism Novel • Movement began the second half of the 19th century as artists and writers rebelled against Romanticism’s idealized portrayal of life. • Focused on the harsh realities of the Industrial Revolution and the problems created by a growing urban migration. • The goal of art for the Realist is to achieve verisimilitude—to portray people, landscapes, and social situations as they actually were—giving a “slice of life” with photographic accuracy

12. Classic Traits of Social Realism • Vivid, unflinching, and usually unsentimental descriptions of actual places, though frequently these places are given fictional names • A plot that centers on a social or political conflict. Common thematic ideas are racial injustice, the oppression of the poor, the degradation of the land, and problems caused by urban migration. • Complex and often flawed characters or archetypal characters that represent different facets of society.

13. History of South Africa • Dutch arrived in 1652 and established Capetown. Within five years, they began importing slaves. • Over the next 100 years, Dutch, German, and French Huguenot immigrants settled South Africa, pushing deeper into tribal regions. These settlers were known as Afrikaners or Boer, who developed a common language known as Afrikaans. • In 1795 Britain wrested control of Capetown from the Dutch which let to a century of sporadic fighting over control of the region.

14. More History • In 1820 British immigrants settled on the eastern coast of South Africa in an attempt to push back the native tribes in that region. • British missionaries, opposed to slavery, arrived in the early 1800s and caused further division between the British and the Slave-owning Dutch.

15. And More Boer History • After Britain outlawed slavery, the Boers began moving north and east of Capetown and formed two republics—the Orange Free State and the Transvaal or ZAR. • This division led to the Boer Wars in the late 1800s/early 1900s in which Britain emerges as the victor.

16. Apartheid—”Separateness” • 1948-1990—Laws aimed at segregating races and maintaining strict control over non-whites—legalized racial discrimination by: • Prohibiting inter-racial marriages • Barring blacks from holding jobs classified as “skilled labor” (most high-paying jobs) • Mandating separate schools and hospitals • Restricting the movement of blacks through “pass laws” which required blacks to carry passes with ID and fingerprints • Restricting land ownership of blacks • Requiring all South Africans to register by race

18. Soweto Slum

19. Apartheid in the 50’s & 60’s • 1951—government established reserves or “homelands” and assigned Africans to these homelands according to their tribe of origin. This stripped native blacks of their South African citizenship. • 1960s—the UN called for sanctions against the Republic of South Africa to protest apartheid and human rights but had little effect for three decades. • 1964—Nelson Mandela, the leader of the anti-apartheid movement was tried for treason and sentenced to life in prison

20. End of Apartheid • 1976—a peaceful march by Soweto schoolchildren turns deadly when police fire in the crowd, sparking rioting and international outrage • 1980s—international pressure mounted • 1990—South Africa freed Mandela and began repealing apartheid laws • 1994—blacks and mixed-race South Africans were allowed to vote, electing Mandela president. He served until 1999