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Chapter 2

Chapter 2. Matter and Change. What is Matter?. Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass. Mass is the amount of matter in an object. Mass is resistance to change in motion along a smooth and level surface. Examples. Types of Matter.

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Chapter 2

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  1. Chapter 2 Matter and Change

  2. What is Matter? • Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass. • Mass is the amount of matter in an object. • Mass is resistance to change in motion along a smooth and level surface. • Examples

  3. Types of Matter • Substance- a particular kind of matter - pure • Mixture- more than one kind of matter

  4. Properties • Words that describe matter (adjectives) • Physical Properties- a property that can be observed and measured without changing the substance. • Chemical Properties- a property that can only be observed by changing the type of substance.

  5. Properties Examples • Physical Properties- color, mass, melting point, boiling point, and density • Chemical Properties- flammability, reactivity

  6. Properties • Words that describe matter (adjectives) • Extensive Properties- only depends on the amount of matter • Intensive Properties- only depends on the type of matter, not the amount • Used to identify a substance

  7. Kinetic Theory of Matter Matter is made up of particles which are in continual motion that is dependent on the temperature. Temperature- is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles.

  8. Gases Plasma What do you know about matter? Solids Liquids

  9. Solids • Solids have definite shape and definite volume. • Solids have mass. • Solids take up space. Read more!

  10. Particles in Solids: • Are packed tightly together • Have very little energy • Vibrate in place

  11. Liquids • Liquids take the shape of their container and have definite volume. • Liquids have mass. • Liquids take up space. Read more!

  12. Particles in Liquids: • Are loosely packed • Have medium energy levels • Particles flow around each other

  13. Gases • Gases spread out to fill the entire space given and do not have definite volume. • Gases have mass. • Gases take up space. Read more!

  14. Particles in Gases: • Move freely • Have LOTS of energy

  15. Plasma • Lightning is a plasma. • Used in fluorescent light bulbs and Neon lights. • Plasma is a lot like a gas, but the particles are electrically charged. Read more!

  16. Particles in Plasma: • Are electrically charged • Have EXTREMELY high energy levels

  17. States of matter • Solid- mater that can not flow and has definite volume and shape. • Liquid- definite volume but takes the shape of its container (flows). • Gas- a substance without definite volume or shape and can flow. • Vapor- a substance that is currently a gas but normally is a liquid or solid at room temperature.

  18. States of Matter Definite Volume? Definite Shape? Temp. increase Com-pressible? Small Expans. Solid YES YES NO Small Expans. Liquid NO NO YES Large Expans. Gas NO NO YES

  19. Mixtures • Made up of two substances. • Variable composition. • Heterogeneous- mixture is not the same from place to place. • Chocolate chip cookie, gravel, soil. • Homogeneous- same composition throughout. • Kool-aid, air. • Every part keeps its properties.

  20. Separating mixtures • Only a physical change- no new matter • Filtration- separate solids from liquids with a barrier • Distillation- separate because of different boiling points • Heat mixture • Catch vapor in cooled area • Chromatography- different substances are attracted to paper or gel, so move at different speeds

  21. Chromatography

  22. Phases • A part of a sample with uniform composition, therefore uniform properties • Homogeneous- 1 phase • Heterogeneous – more than 1

  23. Solutions • Homogeneous mixture • Mixed molecule by molecule • Can occur between any state of matter. • Solid in liquid- Kool-aid • Liquid in liquid- antifreeze • Gas in gas- air • Solid in solid - brass • Liquid in gas- water vapor

  24. Solutions • Like all mixtures, they keep the properties of the components. • Can be separated by physical means • Not easily separated- can be separated without creating anything new.

  25. Substances • Elements- simplest kind of matter made up of one kind atom. • Compounds- a substance made up of at least two different elements. • Molecule- is the smallest unit of a substance that behaves like the substance(retains the properties).

  26. Compound or Mixture Compound Mixture One kind of piece- Molecules More than one kind - Molecule or atoms Making is a chemical change Making is a physical change Only one kind Variable composition

  27. Element Compound Mixture Which is it?

  28. Physical Changes • A change that changes appearances, without changing the composition. • Examples? • Chemical changes - a change where a new form of matter is formed. • Also called chemical reaction. • Examples? • Not phase changes • Ice is still water.

  29. STATES of matter? What would it take for matter to move from one state to another?

  30. Energy determines the state!

  31. When energy is added, particles move faster! When energy is taken away, particles move slower! Add or Subtract Energy. . .

  32. Solid + Energy = ? • When energy is added to solids, they become liquids! • Examples?

  33. Liquid + Energy = ? • When energy is added to liquids, they become gases! • What examples can you think of?

  34. Changing States • There are several names for matter changing states: • State change • Phase change • Physical change

  35. Condense Freeze Evaporate Melt Gas Liquid Solid

  36. Another Way to Change States • Pressure • For some substances it will turn solids to liquids • For others it will turn liquids to solids • Silly putty • Will turn gas to liquid- • Compressor in refrigerator and AC

  37. Chemical Reactions • Another name for chemical change • When one or more substances are changed into new substances. • Reactants- stuff you start with • Products- What you make • NEW PROPERTIES • Because each substance has its own properties

  38. Indications of a chemical reaction • Energy absorbed or released • Color change • Odor change • Precipitate- solid that separates from solution • Not easily reversed • Only clues not certainty

  39. Chemical symbols • There are 116 elements • Each has a 1 or two letter symbol • First letter always capitalized second never • Don’t need to memorize • Some from Latin or other languages

  40. Chemical symbols • Used to write chemical formulas • Subscripts tell us how many of each atom • H2O • C3H8 • HBrO3

  41. Conservation of Mass • Mass can not be created or destroyed in ordinary (not nuclear) changes. • All the mass can be accounted for. • Mass at the start = mass at end

  42. Energy • The ability to do work. • Work - cause a change or move an object. • Many types- all can be changed into the other.

  43. Types of energy • Potential- stored energy • Kinetic Energy- energy something has because its moving • Heat- the energy that moves because of a temperature difference. • Chemical energy- energy released or absorbed in a chemical change. • Electrical energy - energy of moving charges

  44. Types of Energy • Radiant Energy- energy that can travel through empty space (light, UV, infrared, radio) • Nuclear Energy – Energy from changing the nucleus of atoms • All types of energy can be converted into others. • If you trace the source far enough back, you will end up at nuclear energy.

  45. Conservation of Energy • Energy can be neither created or destroyed in ordinary changes (not nuclear), it can only change form. • Its not just a good idea, its the law.

  46. Changes of Sate • Energy and the Change of State Identity remains the same Energy changes(physical change) • Law of Conservation of Mass - Energy the total of the mass and energy remains the same in any change

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