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The Late Republic

The Late Republic. Unit 8. 130-137 QUIZ. 1. During Rome’s expansion, they based much of their society (history, philosophy, rhetoric) off of which present-day country

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The Late Republic

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  1. The Late Republic Unit 8

  2. 130-137 QUIZ • 1. During Rome’s expansion, they based much of their society (history, philosophy, rhetoric) off of which present-day country • 2. This man was considered the most well-known senator of his time, even called the “Roman Demosthenes”. He wasn’t a big fan of Carthage

  3. Roman Empire is born (almost) • 150 B.C. – Andriscus wants to reunite Macedon • Quintus MetellusMacedonicus defeats Macedon • Both Macedon and Epirus are part of the Roman Empire • 146 B.C. – Corinth rebels against Roman control and lost • Corinth burned to the ground, women and children sold into slavery

  4. Third Punic War • 146 B.C. • Carthage’s wealth is quickly regained following Second Punic War • Ask to pay off Roman debt, but Rome refused • Why would Rome refuse to allow this • Carthage was supposed to be allowed to hold onto their African lands • Who in Africa would pose a threat to Carthage? • Carthage raises an army, finally pay off indemnity to Rome CATO THE ELDER “DelendaestCarthago!!!” 149 B.C. – Rome sends 80,000 men to finally destroy Carthage

  5. Third Punic War • Rome demands Carthage abandon their city and army and move 10 miles inland….naturally, Carthage refused • Plague hit the Roman camp, they laid siege for 2 years • Scipio Aemilianus invaded • 10 day street battle • Only 50k of original 700k were still there • Many taken into slavery, other allowed to become citizens • City was burned to the ground • Tiberius Gracchus fought in this battle – Remember this name!! • LEGEND: Rome plowed the fields with salt so nothing could ever grow there again • This was written later, and it makes sense that Rome supported this legend • Why would Rome support this legend? How can it benefit them in the future? PERCEPTION: - Romans viewed this as a dishonorable war. - Scipio himself was ashamed of its destruction

  6. Siege of Carthage – Rise of Tiberius Gracchus • “Siege of Carthage” • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z1-913gAAvI

  7. Imperialism and Culture • Rome began to profit greatly off overseas expansion • Rome began to become greatly influenced by Greek culture • Cato the Elder • “Novus Homo” • Consul and censor • Best speaker in Rome; called the “Roman Demosthenes” • Always subordinated Greek culture to Roman • Cato and others helped to define what it meant to be Roman, and began to instill a Roman pride that centered around politics, warfare, and running of the household.

  8. Decline in the prestige of the Senate • 148 B.C. – Scipio Aemilianus won consulship • Under age and never been a praetor • 134 B.C. - Also won second consulship – technically illegal • 143 B.C. – Appius Claudius Pulcher – held a triumph even though senate refused • Conflict between consuls and tribunes • Consuls wanted large armies, tribunes naturally did not… • Larger land plots +more slaves = growing economic divide • Some estimate that there were 2-3 million, over 1/3 of the population! • Many soldiers would return home to find that their land was confiscated • Tribunes began to take an active role on behalf of the people

  9. Taking Stock…. • For the last 350 years, Rome was determined to keep it a republic and not an empire or monarchy • Increasing amounts of landless poor and patrician ambition began to slowly destroy this tradition • All the new wealth of these overseas expansion was ending up in the hands of a few. As they became so successful, they no longer had an interest is what was “best for the Republic” • Who can this trend all be traced back to? • Soldiers began to follow the leader who was best at securing riches • This was mercenary work in the guise of state policy

  10. Setting the Stage… Military/Social Problems Economic problems Influx of wealth from provinces. Controlled by upper class Boom in building, reduction in public spending Shortage of grain = high price of bread • Decline in birth rate • Lower quality troops • Poor training/lack of leadership • Urbanization = unemployment, poor housing • Slave uprisings = SPARTACUS!!

  11. TIBERIUS GRACCHUS • “You fight and die to give luxury to other men…but you have not a foot of ground to call your own.” • 162-133 B.C. • Son of a well-known politician, successful soldier • Especially well know for being the first over the wall in the siege of Carthage • Brother-in-law of Scipio Aemilianus and grandson of Scipio Africanus! • Insulted by the senate, turned to people • 134 BC – elected tribune of the plebs • Agrarian reform Begins the formation of the Optimates and Populares **Keep in mind, people were not eligible for military service if they did not own land! Some historians still today question his motives…

  12. LAND REFORM! FYI: 1 iugera = .25 hectare = .625 acres Ex: 500 iugera = approx. 300 acres Why was his proposed bill so politically clever? - Did not threaten private property - Wealthy broke the laws - Empowered the people • Ager publicus – land owned by the state • Maximum allotment of 500 iugera, many had more than that • “Give the rest to the poor!” • Would be overseen by three men, a “triumvirate” • How does he get this passed? • ANY tribune could veto a proposed bill • Of course, this was implemented to favor the will of the people… • Marcus Octavius vetoes the measure, Tiberius throws him out! • What the what?! He’s sacrosanct!! • What precedent is Tiberius setting that will threaten the Republic?

  13. DEATH OF TIBERIUS GRACCHUS “So perish all who do the like again.” - Scipio Aemilianus • Tiberius held Senate hostage • Threatened to veto everything • Senate allocated no budget! • 133 B.C. - King Attalus III of Pergamon gave land to “Roman people” • Ran for re-election, in clear violation of tradition • Senate thought he was trying to become a king • Murdered him with benches, stools and other objects at hand • Senate sets an even scarier precedent… • MIGHT = RIGHT

  14. GAIUS GRACCHUS • 154-121 B.C. • Quaestor in Sardinia • 123 B.C. – elected Tribune • Grain prices!! • Plague of locusts in N. Africa • “Buy high and sell low” • PROPOSED LAWS: • 1. Couldn’t re-stand for tribunate if against will of people • 2. No capital punishment without approval of assembly • Senate killed Tiberius’ associates • Ex-post facto! • 3. Minimum age and maximum service time of military, govt. provided clothing

  15. DEATH OF GAIUS GRACCHUS Full blown populists campaign mode: - Lived with the poor - Tore down risers in the gladiatorial stadium • 122 B.C. – Second term as Tribune • Rights of non-Roman Italians • Why would the Senate be afraid of this? • Sailed to Carthage, senate begins plotting against him • Ran as tribune a third time! • Lost third election, repealed his laws • Gracchi supporters killed his enemy, charged with treason • Ran with a slave and his slave killed him

  16. Provincial Government and Corruption • Corrupt tax practices • How did taxes work in Roman provinces? • Publicani – wealthy individuals who undertook public contracts • Equites – order of the “knights” most publicani belonged to • Needed to have excess of 100,000 denarii to qualify • Gaius Gracchus filled provincial courts with knights instead of senators • How would this potentially help Gracchus?

  17. Marius’ Military reforms • “Rome: Rise and Fall of an empire” – Part 1/14 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JB732wBSTvw • 21:15 - END • “Marius’ mules” • Legionary standards • Cohorts • Rotating lines • Where did Marius get his troops from? Why was this so radical? • Why was Marius elected consul so many times in a row? • What types of things did Marius do to better train his soldiers? • How did Marius “cut out the heart of the republic” when settling his political differences?

  18. Marius and Military Reforms • Rome also began to expand into Transalpine Gaul • Rome built roads and towns throughout this area • Problems in Africa • Numidian king Jugurtha rebelled against Roman control • 107 B.C. - Gaius Marius was elected as consul • No property requirements • provincial command in Africa • volunteers as opposed to conscription • 105 B.C. – Marius defeats Jugurtha • 105-101 B.C. – elected consul 5 times! • Defeated the German tribes Teutones and Cimbris the north • No land for his men! • Eventually exiled

  19. SOCIAL WAR • 90-88 B.C. • Marius relied heavily on Northern allies… • Why would this cause a problem? • Oct. 91 B.C. – consul Livius Drusus assassinated for proposed citizenship for the wealthy • “State of Italia” • Government, 100k soldiers • Rome • 150k soldiers • Offered citizenship to those that stayed loyal

  20. RISE OF SULLA • Lucius Cornelius Sulla • 138 B.C. – 78 B.C. • Mithridates of Pontus invades Bithynia • He is tired of Roman rule • Knows Rome is busy with Social War • Calls for murder of Romans • 80,000 Romans killed in one night!! • 88 B.C. – Sulla elected consul, travels to Africa • Marius and Cinna take over Rome and declare Sulla enemy of the state • Sulla is successful in the East, returns to Rome

  21. SULLA’S PROSCRIPTIONS • Political system is corroded • Armies fought within Rome • Constitution subverted by force • Massive confiscation of land • Restoration of the senate was artificial • Proscription • Killed between 2,000-9,000 names of political enemies • 82 B.C. – Sulla declares himself “dictator for life” • Cursus Honorum – established minimum age limits and experience for govt. positions • No tribune could hold any other magistracy • How did this help prevent men like the Gracchi brothers from rising to power again?

  22. Marcus Licinius Crassus • 115 – 53 B.C. • Wealthiest man in Rome • Sulla’s proscriptions and firefighting service • Military glory during the Civil War • Battle of the Colline Gate • Rival of Pompey the Great • Never gets the credit he hoped to deserve! Worth $180 BILLION dollars!!

  23. SLAVES • Found in every area of Roman society; usually captured or kidnapped • Urban slaves often had a close relationship with owners • Nannies, tutors, wetnurses • Some were highly educated • Freed slaves were indebted to their former owners • Slaves also were trained to fight in the arena and provide entertainment

  24. SPARTACUS! • 73 – 71 B.C. • Spartacus led 70 slaves in a revolt in Capua • Eventually gained 70,000 more men! • Won 3 battles in a row against Roman forces • Forces grew and were successfully trained • Marcus Licinius Crassus • Decimation! • Crassus defeats the slave army • Pompey Magnus takes all the credit!! Crassus crucified 6,000 slaves along the Appian Way to send a message to other slaves in Rome…

  25. Crassus v. Spartacus • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QIsg7rgnghM • Why was Crassus so determined to defeat Spartacus? • Why is Spartacus much more well-known today than Crassus?

  26. POMPEY THE GREAT • 106 B.C. – 48 B.C. • Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus • 83 B.C. – supported Sulla and led 3 legions • VERY self-consumed • Skipped the Cursus Honorum • Early triumph at 25 • “The teenage butcher” • Put down revolts in Etruria and Spain • Defeated Spartacus “Won’t you stop citing laws to us who have swords by our sides?”

  27. POMPEY THE GREAT • 67 B.C. – Destroyed the Cilician pirates • 66 B.C. – Finally defeated Mithridates • Created a HUGE eastern Empire for Rome – riches, wealth, and fame • 62 B.C. - Returned to Rome, but failed in authorizing Eastern land for his troops • Took control of: • Jerusalem • Parthia • Bithynia • Seleucid empire

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