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The Microbial World and YOU

The Microbial World and YOU. Chapter 1. With the person sitting next to you, make a list of all the microorganisms that have either helped or harmed you in your life. MICROORGANISMS. Tiny organisms usually too small to be seen with the naked eye Diseases and illnesses

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The Microbial World and YOU

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  1. The Microbial World and YOU Chapter 1 With the person sitting next to you, make a list of all the microorganisms that have either helped or harmed you in your life.

  2. MICROORGANISMS • Tiny organisms usually too small to be seen with the naked eye • Diseases and illnesses • AIDS, infections, food poisoning • Commercial applications • Vitamins, enzymes, drugs • Important to Ecosystem • Bottom of food chain, decomposers, photosynthesizers • Food Industry • Vinegar, pickles, cheese, yogurt and bread

  3. BACTERIA Prokaryotes Unicellular Peptidoglycan in cell walls Binary fission Several shapes Flagella Microbes FUNGI Eukaryotes Unicellular or multi Sexual or asexual Decomposers Hyphae and mycelia E. coli 10000x magnification Crenarchaeota, ammonia oxidizing ARCHAEA Prokaryotic Cell walls lack peptidoglycan Extreme environments Entoloma hochstetteriNew Zealand

  4. PROTOZOA Eukaryotes Unicellular Variety of shapes and sizes Sexual or asexual ALGAE Eukaryotes Photosynthetic Cell walls of cellulose Uni or multicellular

  5. VIRUSES Not alive Nucleic acid and protein Reproduce only with host machinery Parasitic HELMINTHS Flat and round worms Microscopic at some point of life cycle HIV

  6. Review of Nomenclature • Carolus Linneus • Two name • Genus (capitalized) species (not capitalized) • Examples: Homo sapiens, Bos taurus • After mentioned, abbreviated with the initial of the genus and the full species name. • Examples: H. sapiens, B. taurus • Except when it is as the beginning of the sentence

  7. BRIEF HISTORY HOOKE(1665): observed first cell http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=70C9FB4F-9F85-46C4-AA22-8A8E1F58E6B4&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US LEEUWENHOEK (1676): 1st live microorganism Hobbie collecting microscopes (400+) http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=44130F88-C8A3-4DF8-B4E3-D93B2EEA00DB&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

  8. MORE HISTORY Spontaneous Generation Debate (1861) REDI: maggots on meat NEEDHAM/SPALLANZANI: boiled broth “vital force” http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=8F7EF774-C237-440B-8FEB-3FFDDD7197C8&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US PASTEUR: curved flask, orgs are present in nonliving matter • Fermentation (conversion of sugar to alcohol) • Pasteurization (high heat for short amount of time to kill bacteria that causes spoilage) Louis Pasteur

  9. Redi’s Experiment

  10. Pasteur’s S-shaped flask kept microbes out but let air in • Microbes got caught in the curve • Concluded: microbes are present in nonliving matter-air, liquids, solids

  11. HISTORY CONT…. PASTEUR: Germ theory of disease: 1 microorganisms causes 1 disease (after work done by Semmelweis) http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=360030B4-31D2-4083-989C-18C2AEA1B308&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US • 1865: silkworm disease caused by protozoan LISTER (1860s): applied germ theory to medical procedures • Used disinfectants (phenol solution) KOCH (1876): discovered Bacillus anthracis (bacteria that was destroying cattle) • Koch’s postulates • Est. sequence for directly relating microbe to disease JENNER(1796): smallpox vaccination (vacca = cow) http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=360030B4-31D2-4083-989C-18C2AEA1B308&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US Koch

  12. HISTORY CONT…. Ehrlich (1910):chemotherapy revolution • Found “magic bullet” • something to hunt down and destroy pathogen without harming host • Salvarsan (arsenic derivative against syphilis) • Sulfonamides (sulfa drugs) http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=360030B4-31D2-4083-989C-18C2AEA1B308&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US Fleming (1928): 1st antibiotic Penicillium notatum http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=360030B4-31D2-4083-989C-18C2AEA1B308&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

  13. HUMAN WELFARE • Microbial Ecology • recycle elements of soil and atmosphere • Sewage Treatment • Bacteria convert organics into CO2, NH3, CH4, etc • Bioremediation • Remove toxins from wells, chemical spills, toxic waste sites and oil spills • Pseudomanas and Bacillus • Insect pest Control • Bacillus thuringiensis - alfalfa caterpillars, corn borers, cabbageworms, etc. • Biotechnology • Recombinant DNA • Gene therapy

  14. HUMAN DISEASE • Normal microbiota (flora) • WHY? • Biofilms: complex aggregation of microbes • Tongue (pictured below) • Infectious diseases • Movie: Emerging Diseases

  15. Question for you….. • Advertisements tell you that bacteria and viruses are all over your home and that you need to buy antibacterial cleaning products. Should you?

  16. Works Cited • http://news.softpedia.com/images/news2/Ammonia-Loving-Archaea-Win-Landslide-Majority-2.jpg] • http://img2.scoop.co.nz/stories/images/0705/d40ac49a6df120748719.jpeg • http://www.olympusmicro.com/primer/techniques/hoffmangallery/stentor.html • http://cleantechnica.com/files/2008/07/106253991_ebf50013a0_m.jpg • http://www.scumdoctor.com/images/Pictures-Of-Human-Worm-Parasites.jpg • http://www.bgpa.wa.gov.au/c/bgpa/pub/stories/events/images/autumn_workshops/thumbnails/linneaus.jpg

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