Philosophy and TOK

1. Philosophy and TOK How it works

2. “Philosophy is a demanding field that develops your analytical and problem-solving capacity and ability to formulate cohesive and persuasive arguments. Studying philosophy also broadens perspective, since philosophy examines questions from every angle possible, a trait that links well to studies in other disciplines. “ ~Georgetown University Why Study Philosophy?

3. Thales • Philosopher • Thales of Miletus was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher from Miletus in Asia Minor, and one of the Seven Sages of Greece. Many, most notably Aristotle, regard him as the first philosopher in the Greek tradition. • Born: 624 BC, Miletus, Turkey • Died: 546 BC Thales ~ Greece

4. Socrates was a classical Greek Athenian philosopher. Credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy, he is an enigmatic figure known chiefly through the accounts of later classical writers, • “I know that I know nothing” • Born: 469 BC, Athens, Greece • Died: 399 BC, Athens, Greece • Full name: Socrates • Spouse: Xanthippe • Children: Menexenus, Lamprocles, Sophroniscus • Parents: Sophroniscus, Phaenarete Socrates ~ Greece

5. Plato was a philosopher in Classical Greece. He was also a mathematician, student of Socrates, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. • Born: 427 BC, Athens, Greece • Died: 347 BC, Athens, Greece • Full name: Plato • Parents: Perictione, Ariston of Athens Plato ~ Greece

6. Aristotle • Philosopher • Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and polymath, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. Born: 384 BC, Stagira, Greece • Died: 322 BC, Chalcis, Greece • Full name: Aristotle • Education: Platonic Academy (367 BC–347 BC) • Children: Nicomachus, Pythias Aristotle ~ Greece

7. Thomas Aquinas, O.P., also Thomas of Aquin or Aquino, was an Italian Dominican friar and priest and an immensely influential philosopher and theologian in the tradition of scholasticism, within which also known as the "Doctor Angelicus”. classical proponent of natural theology, ethics, natural law, metaphysics, and political theory • Born: January 28, 1225, Roccasecca, Italy • Died: March 7, 1274, Fossanova Abbey, Priverno, Italy • Education: University of Naples Federico II Thomas Aquinas ~ Europe

8. René Descartes was a French philosopher, mathematician, and writer who spent most of his adult life in the Dutch Republic. 'Father of Modern Philosophy‘ • father of analytical geometry • key figure in the Scientific Revolution • Born: March 31, 1596, Descartes, Indre-et-Loire, France • Died: February 11, 1650, Stockholm, Sweden • Nationality: French • Education: University of Poitiers, Prytanée National Militaire • Parents: Joachim Descartes, Jeanne Brochard Rene Descartes~ Europe

9. Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher who is widely considered to be a central figure of modern philosophy. He argued that human concepts and categories structure our view of the world and its laws, and that reason is the source of morality. Born: April 22, 1724, Königsberg, Germany • Died: February 12, 1804, Königsberg, Germany • Nationality: German • Education: University of Königsberg • Parents: Johann Georg Kant, Regina Dorothea Reuter Immanuel Kant ~ Europe

10. Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche was a German philologist, philosopher, cultural critic, poet and composer. • questioning of any doctrine that drains one's expansive energies, however socially prevalent those ideas might be • Born: October 15, 1844, Röcken, Germany • Died: August 25, 1900, Weimar, Germany • Movies: The Divine Comedy, Thus Spake Zarathustra, Carbon Elvis, Road to Rio, Die Nacht • Siblings: Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, Ludwig Joseph Nietzsche • Education: University of Bonn (1864–1865), Pforta (1858–1864), University of Leipzig Friedrich Nietzche

11. Confucius was a Chinese teacher, editor, politician, and philosopher of the Spring and Autumn period of Chinese history. • emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice and sincerity • Golden rule • Born: 550 BC, Lu • Died: 479 BC, Lu • Full name: Kong Qiu • Spouse: Qiguan • Children: Kong Li Confucius ~ China

12. Gautama Buddha, also known as Siddhārtha Gautama[note 1], Shakyamuni,[note 2], or simply the Buddha, was a sage[2] on whose teachings Buddhism was founded • Buddha means "awakened one" or "the enlightenedone • a Middle Way between sensual indulgence and the severe asceticism Siddhartha ~ India

13. Existentialism Post Structuralism instability in the human sciences, due to the complexity of humans themselves and the impossibility of fully escaping structures in order to study them. • philosophical thinking begins with the human subject—not merely the thinking subject, but the acting, feeling, living human individual. In existentialism, the individual's starting point is characterized by what has been called "the existential attitude", or a sense of disorientation and confusion in the face of an apparently meaningless or absurd world Common Philosophical Theories

14. is a form of inquiry and discussion between individuals, based on asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and to illuminate ideas. It is a dialectical method, often involving a discussion in which the defense of one point of view is questioned; one participant may lead another to contradict himself in some way, thus strengthening the inquirer's own point. The phrase Socratic questioning is used to describe a kind of questioning in which an original question is responded to as though it were an answer. This in turn forces the first questioner to reformulate a new question in light of the progress of the discourse. Socratic Method

15. How do the teachings of the philosophers impact our study of TOK? • In what ways can you apply traditional philosophical teachings to your subject areas? • Can you apply these philosophies to areas of your life? Question..