1. Chapter 6 Learning

2. Chapter Preview Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Observational Learning Factors That Affect Learning Learning and Health and Wellness

3. Types of Learning Learning …a systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience Behaviorism Associative Learning/Conditioning Observational Learning

4. Types of Learning

5. Classical Conditioning: Terminology helps to explain involuntary behavior unconditioned stimulus (UCS) unconditioned response (UCR) neutral stimulus (NS) conditioned stimulus (CS) conditioned response (CR)

6. Classical Conditioning: Procedure • acquisition • UCS produces a UCR (reflex) • neutral stimulus (NS) paired with a UCS • after pairings, NS produces a CR • the NS has become a CS • contiguity – time between CS and UCS • contingency – is CS regularly followed by the UCS?

7. Classical Conditioning: Pavlov • Unlearned/Reflexive • UCS – meat powder • UCR – dog salivates • NS – sound of Pavlov’s bell (prior to pairings with meat powder) • Learned • CS – sound of Pavlov’s bell • CR – dog salivates

8. Classical Conditioning: Pavlov

9. Classical Conditioning • Generalization • CRs may appear after various NS that are similar to the CS • Discrimination • CRs appear after the CS but not after other CSs • discrimination generally learned by presenting other CSs without the UCS

10. Classical Conditioning • Extinction • CR is weakened by presenting the CS without the UCS • Pavlov rang the bell but did not present food, and the dog stopped salivating • Spontaneous Recovery • CR recurs after a time delay and without additional learning • when Pavlov rang the bell the next day, the dog salivated • Renewal • recovery of the CR when organism is placed in novel context

11. Classical Conditioning

12. Classical Conditioning: Applications • Phobias • Watson and Rayner (1920) – Little Albert • white rat (CS) paired with loud noise (UCS) • Counterconditioning • associate CS with new, incompatible CR • CS paired with new UCS • aversive conditioning

13. Classical Conditioning: Applications placebo effect immune and endocrine responses taste aversion advertising drug habituation

14. Operant Conditioning • better at explaining voluntary behaviors • the consequences of a behavior change the probability of that behavior’s occurrence

15. Operant Conditioning Thorndike’s Law of Effect • consequence strengthens or weakens a S – R connection B.F. Skinner • expanded on Thorndike’s work • shaping (reward approximations of the desired behavior)

16. Reinforcement Reinforcement increases behavior. Positive Reinforcement • behavior followed by rewarding consequence • rewarding stimulus is “added” Negative Reinforcement • behavior followed by rewarding consequence • aversive (unpleasant) stimulus is “removed”

17. Reinforcement

18. Principles of Reinforcement Avoidance Reinforcement …by making a particular response, a negative stimulus can be avoided Learned Helplessness …an organism learns it has no control over negative outcomes

19. Types of Reinforcers Primary Reinforcers • innately satisfying Secondary Reinforcers • become satisfying through experience • repeated association with a pre-existing reinforcer • token economy

20. Schedules of Reinforcement Generalization • stimulus “sets the occasion” for the response • responding occurs to similar stimuli Discrimination • stimuli signal when behavior will or will not be reinforced Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery • behavior decreases when reinforcement stops

21. Schedules of Reinforcement Continuous Reinforcement Partial Reinforcement • fixed • variable • ratio • interval

22. Schedules of Reinforcement Fixed Ratio (FR) • reinforcement follows a set # of behaviors Variable Ratio (VR) • reinforcement follows an unpredictable # of behaviors (e.g., an average)

23. Schedules of Reinforcement Fixed Interval (FI) • reinforcement follows behavior that occurs after a set amount of time has elapsed Variable Interval (VI) • reinforcement follows behavior that occurs after an unpredictable amount of time has elapsed

24. Schedules of Reinforcement

25. Punishment Punishment decreases behavior. Positive Punishment • behavior followed by aversive consequence • aversive (unpleasant) stimulus is “added” Negative Punishment • behavior followed by aversive consequence • rewarding stimulus is “removed”

26. Punishment

27. Comparing Operant Procedures

28. Controversy Over Punishment • corporal punishment • used by 70-90% of parents in the U.S. • correlational research studies • problems associated with punishment • why should parents avoid spanking? • is physical punishment necessary?

29. Operant Conditioning Timing of Consequences • immediate versus delayed reinforcement • immediate versus delayed punishment • immediate versus delayed reinforcement and punishment Applied Behavior Analysis • behavior modification

30. Observational Learning • learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates behavior (modeling) • Albert Bandura – Social Cognitive Theory • four processes - attention - retention - motor reproduction - reinforcement

31. Observational Learning

32. Cognitive Factors in Learning Do cognitions matter? Does learning involve more than environment-behavior connections? Purposive Behavior in Humans - goal directed - goal setting - self-regulation and self-monitoring

33. Cognitive Factors in Learning • expectancy learning - information value • latent learning/implicit learning • insight learning

34. Other Factors in Learning Biological Constraints • instinctive drift • preparedness Cultural Influences Psychological Constraints • mindset: fixed v. growth

35. Learning and Health and Wellness Factors influencing degree of stress • predictability of stressor • control over stressor • improvement of (reduction in) stressor • outlets for frustration

36. Chapter Summary Explain what learning is. Describe classical conditioning. Discuss operant conditioning. Understand observational learning. Discuss the role of cognition in learning. Identify biological, cultural, and psychological factors in learning. Describe how principles of learning apply to health and wellness.

37. Chapter Summary Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience. Classical Conditioning • association between two stimuli • terminology: CS, CR, UCS, UCR • generalization and discrimination • extinction and spontaneous recovery • phobias and counterconditioning

38. Chapter Summary Operant Conditioning • stimulus  response  consequence • positive and negative reinforcement • positive and negative punishment • schedules of reinforcement Observational Learning • attention, retention, motor reproduction, and reinforcement

39. Chapter Summary Cognitive Factors in Learning • purposive behavior • insight learning Other Factors in Learning • biological, cultural, psychological constraints Learning and Health and Wellness • variables aggravating stress