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Discovering the Americas

Discovering the Americas. The Peoples from Asia. Cross the land bridge over the Bering Strait. Disappears when the glaciers covering N. America melt. Brought the first dogs Weapons Clubs, stone-tipped arrows, Killed animals for food and clothing Followed the Rocky Mountains southward.

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Discovering the Americas

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  1. Discovering the Americas

  2. The Peoples from Asia • Cross the land bridge over the Bering Strait. • Disappears when the glaciers covering N. America melt. • Brought the first dogs • Weapons • Clubs, stone-tipped arrows, • Killed animals for food and clothing • Followed the Rocky Mountains southward.

  3. Native Americans • Early peoples of the Americas. • Tribes- natives divided into different tribes speaking over 1000 different languages. • Culture- way of life (hunting, fishing, etc.) • Civilizations- Advanced cultures (towns) • People who settle down and live.

  4. Mayas of Yucatan • Richest civilization in Central America. • City- religious centers with massive temples. • Artisans- artists to decorate the buildings with murals and sculptures. • Scholars- developed method of writing. • Scientists- used sun to create a calendar. • Astronomers- careful observation of planets and stars to predict eclipses.

  5. Decline of the Mayas • Population increased so fast that there was not enough food available. • Some died, moved, or joined other tribes. • Maya civilization becomes extinct before the first Europeans come to America.

  6. The Incas • Located in Peru • Organized a rich and powerful empire by conquering neighboring tribes • Cuzco- capital city • Located in the Andes Mountains.

  7. Farmers Used llamas and alpacas for work and food. Used wool for clothing. Artisans- fashioned gold and silver from the mines for jewelry and religious icons. Inca organization THE INCA The Sun God Noble class- priests Farmers, laborers The Incas • All power flowed from the Inca through the nobles to the peasants.

  8. The Aztecs • Located in Central America from Mexico to southern North America. • Merchants traveled all over trading precious stones, cacao beans, gold, and silver. • Tenochtitlan- capital city.

  9. The North American Indians • Located in U.S. and Canada. • Territory- tribes would band together for support, trade, and protection, but stayed in their own territory. • An empire crossed over into other territories. • Culture area- A region in which most of the tribes had same sort of culture.

  10. Southwest Indians • Pueblo- Spanish for “town” because of their apartment-style homes made of adobe. • A sun dried brick. • Navajos- Farmers, weavers, etc. • Hogan- home made of adobe and logs. • Apaches- Wandering hunters • Hunted deer for food and clothing. • Wickiups- circular huts of brush that were built in minutes.

  11. Plains Indians • Sioux, Pawnees, Dakotas, Comanches, Kiowas, and Osages. • Buffalo hunting for food, clothing, shelter, tools, fuel. • During the summer months. • Pishkun- buffalo jump • Tepee- cone-shaped tents made of buffalo hide stretched over lodge poles. • Chiefs- chosen for specific purposes • Religious, hunting, warrior

  12. Shoshone, Pima, Nez Perce • Inhabited the western Great Plains • Mountain Indians • “Seed Gatherers”- depended on food of seeds, berries, and roots.

  13. Mound Builders • Inhabited the Eastern United States. • Built huge ceremonial mounds in the form of birds, bears, etc.

  14. Algonquins, Iroquois, Creek, and Cherokee Indians • Independent tribes of Eastern N. America. • First known organized form of government in North America. • First tribes to encounter the white men.

  15. Harmony with Nature Heart of social, economic, and religious practices. A sacred trust existed between man and nature. As long as we care for nature, it will supply us w/ all we need. Pride Proud of tribes and community. Very little individualism. Tribe Family Individual Indian Beliefs

  16. European Exploration 1500’s-1600’s

  17. Renaissance- a time for European people to turn to exploration of the sea and the arts. Crusades- allowed Europeans to discover the spices and India. Trade develops to pay for spices. Wool, gold, silver Camel caravans carry products overland. Desire to finder faster ways to move goods. Italian merchants create a monopoly exclusive control of trade. Commercial Revolution- expansion of trade in Europe. Exploration

  18. Prince Henry “The Navigator” • Portugal • Financed many Portuguese sailors. • Trade develops with African nations • Traded bowls and beads for fresh water and food.

  19. Bartolomeu Dias • Portuguese • 1487- rounded the southern tip of Africa.

  20. Vasco da Gama • Portuguese • 1498- Sails around the Cape of Good Hope, Africa to India.

  21. Christopher Columbus • Italian sailor • Gets Spanish money to sail westward in search of Asia. • Believed the earth was round. • Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria • October 12, 1492- Lands in Bahamas believing he has reached India. • Establishes Spanish claims in N. America.

  22. Leif Erickson • Norse- Norwegian peoples first to reach the America’s in 1000 BC. • Eric the Red- discovers Greenland • Leif Erickson- explores the northeast coast of North America • “Vinland”- named for the grape vines.

  23. John Cabot • Italian • 1497- Explores northeast North America for England. • Discovers Nova Scotia. • Gives England its first claim to North American land.

  24. Giovanni da Verrazano • French explorer. • Sets out to find a “Northwest Passage” to Asia through N. America.

  25. Jacques Cartier • French explorer • 3 voyages to N. America. • Gulf of St. Lawrence • St. Lawrence River • St. Lawrence River to Montreal • Tries to establish a settlement, but failed.

  26. Spain and Portugal • Conquistadors- Spanish soldiers or “conquerors” • Spain and Portugal leaders in the exploration of the Americas. • Spain- conquers the new western lands • Portugal- explores Africa

  27. Line of Demarcation • Drawn by Pope Alexander VI • All new lands explored west of the line were to belong to Spain- east of the line, Portugal. • Cabral- Portuguese explorer gets blown off course while sailing around Africa and discovers Brazil.

  28. Treaty of Tordesillas

  29. Amerigo Vespucci • Discovers the South American continent. • A European geographer proposes that the new find be named after Vespucci • “America”

  30. Vasco Balboa • Spanish Explorer • 1513- Explores the Isthmus of Panama and finds another ocean. • “South Sea”=Pacific Ocean

  31. Ferdinand Magellan • Spanish explorer • Sails around the world. • Discovers the Strait of Magellan on the southern tip of South America. • Discovers and names the Pacific Ocean • Killed in the Philippines • 18 of the 237 men actually return to Spain.

  32. Magellan’s Route

  33. Hernando Cortes • Spanish conquistador • Conquers the Aztecs. • They believe him to be the god, Quetzalcoatl returning as promised. • Moctezuma- Aztec emperor murdered by Cortes.

  34. Francisco Pizarro • Spanish conquistador • 1531- Conquers the Incas • Kidnaps The Inca, collects a ransom of gold and silver, and then murders the “Sun God.”

  35. Ponce de Leon • Spanish conquistador • Explores Florida in search of gold and the “Fountain of Youth.” • Finds neither.

  36. Panfilo de Narvaez • Spanish explorer. • Expedition of 250 men survive a major hurricane near Cuba. • Discover and explore the western coast of Florida in 1528. • Many men die in attack by Indians. • Ship leaves them stranded. • Narvaez and crew build 5 rafts and sail for Mexico. • 3 rafts sink and Narvaez dies. • 15 survivors wander throughout the Southwest for 8 years before arriving in Mexico City.

  37. Hernando de Soto • Spanish conquistador • 1539- Explores the SE United States • Found no gold, but discovers the Mississippi River.

  38. Francisco Coronado • Spanish conquistador • Explores SW United States in search of “cities paved with streets of gold.”- El Dorado. • Finds no treasure, but discovers the Grand Canyon.

  39. Colony- land settled by people from another country that remains under the control of the country. Portugal- Brazil Spain- S. America, Mexico, Caribbean. Society Spaniards born in Spain Creoles- Spanish born in the New World Mestizos- Spanish and Indian mix Indians- natives Mulattoes- black and Spanish mix Zambos- Indian and black mix. Spanish Colonial Society

  40. Spanish Colonies • Bring new plants, seeds, language, tools, and domestic animals. • Establish sugar plantations. • Enslave the native Indians to work on the plantations. • Disease wipes out • Forced to look to Africa for workers. • Send all gold and silver back to Spain. • Eventual decline in gold/silver supply leads to decline in Spanish power. • Wars and rebellions cost money.

  41. The Pirates of the Caribbean • Sea Dogs- English and Dutch sailors attack Spanish ships and steal treasures. • John Hawkins- Used to transport slaves, but made more money stealing from Spanish ships. • Francis Drake- Sails around South America and raids Spanish ships- then sails around the world. • Henry Morgan- Amasses a wealth of over $70,000 in one year.

  42. Spanish Decline • King Philip II of Spain attacks Queen Elizabeth’s England with the Spanish Armada. • 1588- Entire Armada destroyed in the English Channel by a fierce storm. • Replaced by the English Royal Navy • “Mistress of the Seas”

  43. English Settling of America • Sir Walter Raleigh • 1587- given permission to start a colony in Virginia. • Roanoke- first colony in America. • Spanish prevent supplies getting to colony. • 1591- supplies arrive, but colony is gone. • “Lost Colony”

  44. Charter- official grant given by kind of certain rights, powers, and privileges. Plymouth Company and London (Virginia) Company given charters by King James I in 1606. Magna Charta- limits King James’ powers and guaranteed English freedoms. The Companies

  45. Started by London Company in 1606. 3 reasons for bad start Ship blown off course Established on a low island in a river near a marsh full of malaria carrying mosquitoes. Had to drink dirty river water. 3 reasons why London Company failed Jamestown Made discovery of gold a priority. Settlers not allowed to own anything. Failure to send workers to develop the area. Jamestown

  46. John Smith • Becomes leader of Jamestown. • Orders men to dig wells, build shelters, clear the land, and plant food. • Corn from the Indians. • “No work, no food” • Smith’s basic rule. • Winter of 1609-1610- “the starving time” • Colonists ready to abandon by Spring, 1610. • English ships arrive with loads of supplies.

  47. Jamestown Survives • Smoking habit spreads in England and Europe. • Tobacco becomes a cash crop for Jamestown, Virginia. • John Rolfe learns to grow and cure tobacco. • Gives Jamestown a cash crop to sell. • Eventually marries Indian princess Pocahontas and returns to England with her.

  48. Jamestown Government • House of Burgess • Becomes the first law-making body in America on July 30, 1619. • First step toward representative government in America.

  49. Jamestown • African slaves are brought in to work the plantations in Virginia. • 60 unmarried women sent to the colonists. • March, 1622- 347 settlers killed by Indian raid • Settlers retaliate and poison 250 Indians.

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