1. Zionism, The Birth of Israel, and the Palestinian Predicament 351 - Spath

2. Lecture outline • The Zionist movement • The British mandate period • Birth of the Israeli state and the Palestinian catastrophe (al-Nakba) Later • Post-WWII conflicts • Peace Process

3. The Zionist movement revisited • The emergence of political Zionism: • Jews before emancipation • Emancipation’s mixed record and the Haskalah Movement and integration attempts • Jewish Political Movements • Zionism, Socialism, Folkism, Territorialism • Zionism & Development of Nationalist Ideology • Adoption of a nationalist ideology • Leo Pinsker’s Autoemancipation (1882) • Eliezer ben-Yehuda’s re-creation of Hebrew in 1880s • Theodor Herzl’s The Jewish State (1896) • First Zionist Congress in Basel (1897)…Palestine • Division of labor: Western European Ideologues & Eastern European migrants • Imagining Palestine as an empty land • The Balfour declaration (1917)

4. The British Mandate • 1917-20: British military rule • 1920-48: Mandate • 1920 Appointment of Sir Herbert Samuel as Civilian High commissioner • Conflicting “White Papers” Samuel’s 1922 White Paper and Balfour Declaration • Divided Arab leadership, strongest component under Mufti Amin al-Husayni. • Husayni-Nashashibi rivalry • Incoming Jews formed the Jewish Agency to run the Yishuv—a parallel government • Histadrut: • most powerful institutions in Yishuv • mainstay of the Labour Zionist movement • Aside from being a trade union, its state-building role made it the owner of a number of businesses and factories and, and was argest employer in the country • Also controlled Jewish Defense Force -- Haganah

5. The British Mandate • David Ben-Gurion was a kibbutznik who became General Secretariat in the of the Histadrut. • Kibbutzim (collective community based on traditional agriculture). • Transformed Histadrut into an institution to help realize the goals of Zionism • Immigration was key to Ben-Gurion & used Histadrut to facilitate this • Jabotinski’s Revisionist Zionism: “Historical” Israel (Judea and Sumeria) • Settlement efforts: Jewish National Fund • 1936 & 1937-9 Arab rebellions • External effects on Jewish emigration (Hitler & Nazism) • US post-WWII support for a Jewish state • The Jewish insurgency: Haganah guerilla fighting & Irgun terror • Haganah defeat of Arab military resistance • British withdraw, Ben Gurion declares new state on May 14, 1948 • Arab-Israeli war of 1948: Israel holds territory and creation of Armistice Line

6. Haganah expulsion of Palestinians and Palestinian flight The Nakba (‘Catastrophe’) The refugee situation Arab Israelis Palestinians in the West Bank & Gaza—creeping colonization Palestinians in Lebanon, Jordan & Syria Nationality Law versus Right of Return The Palestinian predicament