Experiment 0 Black screen slides

1. Experiment 0Black screen slides

2. Tiger Apple Television Balloon Night Water Orange Jacket Soda Radio Soap Lamp List 1 – No delay

3. Tiger Apple Television Balloon Night Water Orange Jacket Soda Radio Soap Lamp List 2 – 30 sec delay

4. Soap Opera New York Academy Award East West North South Morning Night List 3 – 30 sec delay

5. That With Far Then Through About Which Since By Until Among Upon List 4 – No delay

6. RESEARCH VARIABLES Independent variable (IV): Variable manipulated by researcher Dependent variable (DV): Variable measured by researcher, expected to change as a result of researcher’s manipulation (“depends on IV”) Control variables (CV): Factors kept constant (e.g., confederate, room). Random variables (RV): Factors allowed to vary randomly. (e.g. time of day effects, fatigue, motivation) Confounding variable: Variable’s levels covary with IV’s and may be responsible for changes

7. Research in Psychology • WHAT DRIVES PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH? • Existing Theories: Evaluate, extend, or discredit • Other Research: Replicate, extend, or discredit - Personal Observation Casual curiosity or new interest

8. Scientific Method • Evaluate ideas objectively, with degree of confidence • Rules on how to collect, summarize, and analyze data

9. Evaluating Without Scientific Method • “Clever Hans” phenomenon, facilitated autistic communication • Neither knew answer if questioner failed to know it • Hans was sensitive to primate nonverbal cues

10. Science is a set of rules to keep us from lying to each other • Experiments allow conclusion about causality: • Control: Keep variables & groups constant or equivalent • Manipulation: Change only one thing at a time

11. Scientific progress is achieved incrementally. Share findings with scientists and public via peer-reviewed journals, or conferences, or books. Peer review takes time (up to 1 year after submission), but allows other experts to evaluate and critique your work, occasionally revealing flaws or limitations of the study. HOW TO FIND JOURNAL PAPERS – PubMed & PsycInfo

12. Low to High Constraint • Correlational design • Observational • Case Study • Survey • Archival research • Experimental design • Quasi-Experiment • Experiment

13. QUANTIFICATION OF BEHAVIOR Descriptive Statistics: Characteristics of your sample Central tendency: Mean, Median, Mode

14. Mean • Arithmetic average • 1 • 1 • 6 • 5 • 2 • Mean = 15 / 5 items = 3

15. Mean Kirkwell WA per capita income: $1,200K Mean = sensitive to extremes

17. Median • Arrange in order, middle value is median • 1 • 1 • 2  • 5 • 6 • Median = 2

18. Median when even # of items • Arrange in order, middle value is median • (if even number of items, average two middle values) • 1 • 1 • 2  • 5  • 6 • 7 • Median = (2+5)/2 = 3.5

19. Not sensitive to extremes 1 1 2  5 6 Median = 2 1 1 2  5 6 billion Median = 2 Median • -150 • 1 • 2  • 5 • 6 • Median = 2

20. Median Kirkwell WA per capita income: $55K

21. 1 1 4 Median =1 4 4 16 Median =4 Median is nonlinear, affected by grouping • 1 • 1 • 4 • 4 • 4 • 16 • Median =4 Median for all numbers = (1+4)/2 = 2.5

22. Mode • Most frequent value • 1  • 1  • 2 • 5 • 6 • Mode = 1

23. Mode Kirkwell WA per capita income: $13K

24. 1 1 4 Mode =1 4 4 16 Mode =4 Mode is also nonlinear, affected by grouping • 1 • 1 • 4 • 4 • 4 • 16 • Mode =4 Mode for all numbers = (1+4)/2 = 2.5

25. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Mean = 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 Mean = 5 How well central tendency describes data? - need index of dispersion

26. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Mean = 5, Range = 8 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 Mean = 5, Range = 2 Dispersion:Range, Standard Deviation

27. 4 4 4 4 5 6 6 6 6 Mean = 5, Range = 2 St Dev = 0.94 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 Mean = 5, Range = 2 Std Dev = 0.67 Dispersion:Range, Standard Deviation

28. Measurement Scales

29. Role of Figuresin Scientific Papers • Argument made in pictures, not words!

33. Figures used for: • DATA • METHOD • THEORY

34. Three mountain test for egocentrism

37. Hierarchical memory storage

38. Lies, damn lies, and statistics

40. eyetracking

45. Ages, wealth, length of absence

46. RESEARCH VARIABLES Independent variable (IV): Variable manipulated by researcher Dependent variable (DV): Variable measured by researcher, expected to change as a result of researcher’s manipulation (“depends on IV”) Control variables (CV): Factors kept constant (e.g., confederate, room). Random variables (RV): Factors allowed to vary randomly. (e.g. time of day effects, fatigue, motivation) Confounding variable: Variable’s levels covary with IV’s and may be responsible for changes

47. DESIGN Within-subject design - each participant exposed to every level of IV (person acts as own control) Between-subject design - each participants exposed to one level of IV (and unaware of what other participants are exposed to) Counterbalancing - ordering presentation levels of IV to eliminate confounding OPERATIONAL DEFINITION Specify operations required to manipulate or measure concept. e.g. Anxiety is not vaguely measured by objectively through scales, checkboxes, etc

48. VHS 1518.02 Final points • Correlation is not causation • Ice cream and murders in NYC • Single-blind and double-blind designs • Knowledge of which level of the IV subject is assigned to • Controlled experiment • Active treatment vs non-active “treatment” such as a placebo