Key Developments in Early 1800s America: Expansion, Legislation, and Judicial Cases

Early 1800s Chapters 6-8 Pages 174-245 Standard III: Objectives 2 & 3 Era of Expansion

A. Treaty of Paris • Treaty that ended the Revolutionary War • September 3, 1783 • Set the boundaries of the new nation • U.S. stretched from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River and from Canada to the Florida border • All nations recognized the United States of America

B. Land Ordinance of 1785 • Divided Old Northwest into townships • Congress did not have the power to raise revenue by the direct taxation of U.S. Citizens • Therefore, decided to raise money by selling unmapped territory west of the 13 original colonies • Laid foundation of land policy in the U.S. until passage of the Homestead Act in 1862 • Combined with Northwest Ordinance to resolve issues of statehood

C. Northwest Ordinance of 1787 • Created the Northwest Territory – 1st organized territory of the U.S. • Single most important legislation passed by the earlier Continental Congresses (besides the Declaration of Independence • Established the precedent by which the U.S. would expand westward and form new states

D. Alexander Hamilton • First Secretary of the Treasury under George Washington • One of the Founding Fathers • Sought to manage debt • Believed the government should play an active role in the development of the economy • Created tariffs, taxes, and paid interests to creditors – led to theestablishment of theBank of the United States • Transformed debts of state governments into long-term investment in the U.S government

E. XYZ Affair • After John Adams was elected President, the U.S. began to have conflict with France • French were angry about Jay’s Treaty • Seized American ships in French ports • Adams sent officials to Paris to resolve conflict • Officials met by agents X, Y, & Z • Demanded bribe of $250,000 & Loan of 10 million before they could see the French foreign minister (Talleyrand) • “Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute”

F. Presidential Election of 1800 • Referred to as the “Revolution of 1800” • Thomas Jefferson defeated John Adams • Realigning election that started a generation of Democratic-Republican rule • Eventually ended the Federalist Party (formed by Hamilton) • Election was a tie in the electoral vote • Hamilton intervened on Jefferson’s behalf • Burr shot Hamilton and he died the next day (1804)

G. Chief Justice John Marshall • Served from 1801-1835 • Establish many important principles of constitutional law • The longest serving Chief Justice in Supreme Court History • Helped to build the prestige of the Supreme Court through various landmark cases

H. Marbury v. Madison • 1803 • Basis of the exercise of judicial review – making sure laws passed by Congress are constitutional • William Marbury sued James Madison because Madison would not allow him to take office as justice of the peace • Marshall ruled against Marbury declaring it was unconstitutional for the Supreme Court to give this order to the executive branch

I. McCulloch v. Maryland • 1819 • Case involved Maryland’s attempt to wipe out the National Bank levying heavy taxes on it • Marshallruled that Congress had the authority to charter the National Bank • Because the national government had created the bank, no state had the power to tax it

J. Gibbons v. Ogden • 1824 • Aaron Ogden purchased a state license giving him exclusive rights to operate a steamboat line • Thomas Gibbons started a business on the same route, saying he operated under a federal license • Ogden sued Gibbons • Marshall declared that the power to regulate interstate navigation was granted to Congress • Court sided with Gibbons

K. War of 1812 • British had encouraged Indians to attack American settlers • British had also interfered with American shipping • U.S. had tried to stop the British practice of impressment – the act of forcing people into military service • President James Madison called for war, Congress approved

L. War of 1812 Battles • Defense of Fort McHenry – 1814 – Baltimore harbor; British bombarded the fort. • Francis Scott Key witnessed and wrote the Star Spangled Banner (“And the rocket’s red glare, the bombs bursting in air….”) • Battle of Horseshoe Bend – 1814 – fought in central Alabama near Dadeville (Tallapoosa County) • Troops under Andrew Jackson defeated the Red Sticks, led by Tecumseh, ended the Creek War • Jackson wanted to “clear” Alabama for settlement

M. Battle of New Orleans • Treaty of Ghent – Treaty that officially ended the war • Yet, two weeks after treaty was signed the U.S. experienced their greatest victory • January 8, 1815-Fought at Chalmette Plantation • News had not reached New Orleans • Jackson’s troops soundly defeated the British to win the war

N. Post-war Boom and Panic • 1815 – entered period of growth and prosperity • James Monroe won the election of 1816 • Republicans dominated, Federalists faded away • 1819 – first great depression (Panic of 1819) • Growth of nationalism-a nation has the right to constitute a independent political community based on shared beliefs

Key Developments in Early 1800s America: Expansion, Legislation, and Judicial Cases