Industrialization and Technology Early 1800s

1. Industrialization and Technology Early 1800s

2. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION • A shift from goods made by hand to factory and mass production • Technological innovations brought production from farmhouse to factories • Invented in Britain in 1750; smuggled to U.S. • Beginning of US Factory System • US slow to embrace factory system • Scarce labor • Little capital • Superiority of British factories

3. Workers & Wage Slaves • With industrial revolution, large impersonal factories surrounded by slums full of “wage slaves” developed • Long hours, low wages, unsanitary conditions, lack of heat, etc. • Labor unions illegal • 1820: 1/2 of industrial workers were children under 10

4. Workers & Wage Slaves • 1820s & 1830s: right to vote for laborers • Loyalty to Democratic party led to improved conditions • Fought for 10-hour day, higher wages, better conditions • 1830s & 1840s: Dozens of strikes for higher wages or 10-hour day • 1837 depression hurt union membership • Commonwealth v. Hunt • Supreme Court ruled unions not illegal conspiracies as long as they were peaceful

5. AMERICAN SYSTEM • Population shift because of westward expansion • the West demanded transportation. • The Land Act of 1820, gave the West its wish by authorizing a buyer to purchase 80 acres of land at a minimum of $1.25 an acre in cash • Erie Canal started in 1817 and completed in 1825 • NY Governor DeWitt Clinton built the Erie Canal • Connected New York City from Hudson River with the Great Lakes and the West • Clinton’s Big Ditch--------Other canals follow • Navigable rivers and the steamboat • the first steamboat on western waters was in 1811.

6. Erie Canal System

7. US FACTORY SYSTEM • Built first textile mill in 1793 in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. • Born in England on June 9, 1768 and worked in British factories. • Slater came to US to make his fortune in the textile industry. • Slatersville Mill was the largest and most modern industrial cotton mill of its day Samuel Slater was the "Father of the American Factory System."

8. The Lowell SystemLowell, Massachusetts, 1832 Produced the first cloth in the US • Young New England farm girls • Supervised on and off the job • Worked 6 days a week, 13 hours a day • Escorted to church on Sunday

9. Early Textile Loom

10. US FACTORY SYSTEM • 1830s, Industrialization grew throughout the North… • Southern cotton shipped to Northern textile mills was a good working relationship.

11. New Inventions: "Yankee Ingenuity"

12. Resourcefulness & Experimentation • Americans were willing to try anything. • They were first copiers, then innovators. 1800  41 patents were approved. 1860 4,357 “ “ “

13. ELI WHITNEY The invention which changed the South, cotton and slavery. • Eli Whitney’s cotton gin revolutionized the cotton industry. • He is also noted for the concept of mass production and interchangeable parts by creating dyes for pistols and rifles. • Very important early pioneer in America’s industrial revolution. Cotton Production

14. Cotton gin invented in 1793 50 times more effective than hand picking Raising cotton more profitable South needs slavery more than ever for “King Cotton” Whitney Ends the Fiber Famine • New England factories flourish with Southern cotton

15. John Deere & the Steel Plow

16. Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper

17. ROBERT FULTON • 1807, Fulton's Clermont, was the first commercially successful and reliable steamboat. Steam boat would revolutionize water travel. • The steamboat was often the only mechanical means of river travel and freight transportation from 1808 through 1930.

18. Samuel F. B. Morse 1840 – Telegraph “WHAT GOD HATH WROUGHT”

19. Pioneer Railroad Promoters • 1800 to 1850: Roads, canals, navigable rivers with steamboats were the main modes of transportation. • 1850 to 1860, RR proved most significant development toward national economy • Led to development of Time Zones • Competition between Railroads and Canals • Obstacles • opposition from canal backers • danger of fire • poor brakes • difference in track gauge meant changing trains – to combat this problem standard gauge was introduced meaning all track was the same size

20. Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858

21. AMERICAN SYSTEM Highways • Bad roads made transportation highly unreliable • The National Road begun in 1811 and completed by 1832 • Connected Maryland to Illinois. • Built by US government

22. Cumberland (National Road), 1811

23. Help unite the country as well as improve the economy and the infant industry. • Because of the British blockade during the War of 1812, it was essential for internal transportation improvements.

24. From left to right: Eli Whitney (cotton gin, interchangeable parts), Robert Fulton (steam boat), Thomas Edison (light bulb), Cyrus McCormick (reaper), Richard Hoe (automatic printing press)