Outline

2. Outline • Principles of cellular geo-location • Why Geo-Location? • Radio location principles • Urban area challenges • HAWK – suggested solution

3. Why Cellular Geo – location? • Because there is no other choice to trace a call when needed: • Emergency • Homeland security • Criminal • Galileo/GPS do not solve: • Indoor coverage (70% in Europe and growing) • Homeland security • The cat and the bell

4. 1st Fingerprint Radio Location Principle Mobile Unit

5. 2nd Fingerprint Radio Location Principle Mobile Unit

6. Correlation to prediction Radio Location Principle 3rd Fingerprint Mobile Unit

7. Outline • Principles of cellular geo-location • Urban area challenges • The urban channel • Indoor coverage • Multi-Floor – Three Dimensional search space • Limitation of Cell ID • HAWK – suggested solution

8. The Urban Channel Mobile Unit

9. The Urban Channel Reflected and diffracted rays from the serving cell to the mobile

10. Service Maps In Urban Areas (1) Conventional View Each color represents the server sector at the point

11. Service Maps In Urban Areas (2) Actual Situation Each color represents the serving cell at the point

12. Where is the serving cell? (1) View from Call Location towards serving cell 1th Floor Call Origination Location

13. Where is the serving cell? (2) 3th Floor Call Origination Location View from Call Location towards serving cell

14. Where is the serving cell? (3) 5th Floor Call Origination Location

15. Limitations of Cell ID/ Delay (1) Call Origination GSM Range Measurement Accuracy- 275m

16. Limitations of Cell ID/ Delay (3) 3000 2500 2000 Delay Based Distance Estimation (m) In urban areas, the range estimation has systematic error due to reflections: - only 48% within nominal accuracy +/-275m - more than 10% with more than 1000m error! 1500 1000 500 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Actual Distance (m)

17. Outline • Principles of cellular geo-location • Urban area challenges • HAWK – suggested solution • HAWK Configuration and concept • Enhanced Fingerprint Concept • 3D database

18. HAWK Configuration

19. Enhanced Fingerprint Concept (1) • HAWK unique solution integrates five sources of information: • Multi cell signal strength fingerprint • Angle of Arrival (based on existing antennas) • Multi-path Fingerprint • Topography and geographical features • Cell ID + Delay measurement

20. Enhanced Fingerprint Concept (2) • HAWK is easily integrated in existing wireless network: • No impact on infrastructure • relay on information that is collected natively by the network • HAWK accuracy is more than 30 times better than current cell based solutions • HAWK 3D database allows location up to the apartment level!

21. 3D Coverage Database Coverage database contains coverage information per area bin and per building, per floor Each color represents the received signal strength

22. Accurate Channel Analysis • Full ray tracing analysis generates: • High accuracy predictions • Channel response: enhancement of the range measurement

23. Reminder: Standard Location Area Cell ID + Range based estimated location

24. HAWK Output – 3D Location Call Origination Estimated Location Red color represents highest probability of location

25. Summary • Urban area contains several challenges to cellular location: • Cell ID and range measurements are not reliable • Location becomes a three dimensional problem • Enhanced fingerprint combined with accurate 3D modeling provide an efficient, low-cost solution to these challenges • Suggested technology is a “no loopholes” solution: locates any type of mobile phone, anywhere • The HAWK system successfully utilizes this technology in the field for more than two years