ROME

1. ROME GEOGRAPHY EARLY SETTTLERS REPUBLIC

2. Fertile Crescent Empires Ancient Egypt Ancient Rome Ancient Carthage Ancient Greece The Ancient Mediterranean

3. The Role of Geography in Ancient Rome

4. The Role of Geography in Ancient Rome Mountains: Two Major Ranges - Alps and Apennines impact Italy • Alps to the north separate Italy from the rest of Europe. They offer some but not total protection from invasion because of natural passes. • Apennines run the length of Italy but do not hinder trade or travel. Effects: Trade and contact with other civilizations was possible but invasion was also a constant threat, thus a strong military developed.

5. The Role of Geography in Ancient Rome Seas: Adriatic Sea lies to the East and Mediterranean to south and west • Long coastlines with fewer natural harbors than Greece. • Rivers are generally short and shallow. Poorly suited for travel and transportation. Effects: • People turned inland for trade rather than to the sea as the Greeks had. • The long coastlines made invasion easier.

6. The Role of Geography in Ancient Rome Land, Soil and Vegetation: Most of land is foothills and mountains except in the valleys of the north. • Most soil is sandy and easily erodes. Best suited for grazing. • Northern valleys are fertile enough for grains. • Most other areas are good for vegetable, grapes, olives, and citrus fruits. Effects: • The Romans were mostly self-sufficient in early history but turned to trade to supplement food supply as empire grew.

7. The Role of Geography in Ancient Rome • Climate: Mediterranean Climate • Mild temperatures and plentiful winter precipitation. • Suitable for citrus, grapes, olives, and vegetables. Effects: • Like the Greeks, Romans spent much time outdoors socializing and trading ideas. • Citrus, grapes, and olives were major exports for trade.

8. Italy in 750 BC Three Groups of Early Settlers in Italy Latins – 1000 B.C. Etruscans – 900 B.C. Greeks – 750 B.C.

9. Early Rome Before the Republic The Latins and Etruscans began to merge and became known as Romans. Around 600 B.C. an Etruscan was elected king of Rome and established the Tarquin dynasty. Rome began emerging into a major city with impressive engineering and architecture. Great temples and the forum were built during this time. In 509 B.C. a harsh and unjust Tarquin king was overthrown by the Romans. The Romans declared they would never again be ruled by a king. The Romans established a republic that would last for nearly 500 years. This began Rome’s climb to glory and world prestige.

10. ANCIENT ROMAN HISTORY – THE REPUBLIC Neolithic Culture 3000 BC Latin Settlement 1000 BC EARLY PERIOD Etruscan Settlement 900 BC 750 BC Greek Colonization 600 BC Etruscan Rule of Rome 509 BC Establishment of the Republic 264 BC Punic Wars THE RUPUBLIC 146 BC Spartacus Slave Revolts 73 BC First Triumvirate Formed 60 BC Assassination of Julius Caesar 44 BC

11. Ancient Roman Society (Early Republic) Patricians (Aristocrats) • Plebeians • Farmers • Merchants • Artisans Freedmen • Slaves • City Slaves • Household Slaves

12. Patricians vs. Plebeians The Patricians were wealthy landowners and held most of the power. They inherited their power and social status and claimed to be descendants from the original Romans.

13. Patricians vs. Plebeians 3. Plebeians were the common people and made up the majority of Romans. 4. Plebeians were citizens, could vote but couldn’t hold powerful government office. 5. Eventually Plebeians gained the right to appoint tribunes to protect their rights. 6. Around 450 B.C. the Plebeians began writing down Rome’s laws and posting them. These were known as the Twelve Tables.

14. The Twelve Tables, 450 BCE • Provided political and socialrights for the plebeians. • Established the idea that all free citizens had a right to protection by the law.

15. Roman Expansion(133 BC - 27 BC) • Conquered territories became known as Provinces • Provinces were ruled by governors known as Proconsulswho were appointed by the Senate and had great power • Tax collectors known as Publicans collected heavy taxes from provinces. They collected more than required and kept the excess. This corrupt practice was known as Tax Farming

16. Problems of Roman Expansion Economic Turmoil • Soldiers often returned home to desolated farms, were forced to sell to nobles and move to the city in search of work. • Nobles began using slaves rather than paid workers and the gap between rich and poor widened. • Slums began to develop in the cities. • The government had to begin a welfare system and entertainment to keep the poor and unemployed content. • Corruption by officials in Roman provinces increased and bribery became common.

17. Problems of Roman Expansion Changes in the Roman Military • With the disappearance of the small farmer, the nature of the army began to change • Individual commanders began building their own armies and paid mercenaries • Soldiers were promised a share of the booty and land in return for service • Soldiers were loyal to commanders rather than Rome

18. Attempts at Reform • Two brothers, Tiberius and Gaius Gracchuswere elected as Tribunes and attempted reforms to help the poor • Tiberius was assassinated by several senators in 133 BC • Gaius continued to work on reforms and attempted to limit power of the Senate. He was killed in a riot. • Rome fell into disarray. Civil War followed.

19. Civil War Marius vs. Sulla • Civil war broke out in Rome between 88 – 82 BC between two rival generals, Marius and Sulla. • Thousands of Romans died in the war. • Sulla defeated Marius and became a dictator. He retired in 79 BC • Slave revolts led by Spartacus broke out from 73-71 BC. New military leaders struggled for power. Marius Sulla

20. POMPEY CRASSUS CAESAR The First Triumvirate • After the slave revolts three generals, Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar tried to gain power. • When none of them could do so they joined together as a triumvirate to rule. • Crassus was killed in battle in Syria. • Caesar and Pompey eventually fought for power. Pompey fled and was eventually killed in Egypt. • Caesar became the sole ruler in 45 BC.

21. Julius Caesar After Pompey fled Rome Caesar seized power in Rome and attempted to save the republic through several reforms. • Gave land, money and food to the poor. • Increased the Senate membership and allowed ordinary citizens to serve in it. • Expanded citizenship to people in the provinces. • Began numerous public works programs to put people to work.

22. Beware the Ides of March!44 BC On March 15, 44 BC, Caesar was assassinated by several members of the Senate who opposed his reforms and feared that he was too powerful.

23. The Second Triumvirate • After the assassination of Caesar, three leaders, Marc Antony, Lepidus, and Caesar’s great nephew Octavian formed the second Triumvirate. • Lepidus eventually retired. • Octavian defeated Marc Antony and Cleopatra of Egypt in 31 BC in the Battle of Actium and became sole ruler. • In 27 BC he was named Emperor and became known as Augustus Caesar. This began the Roman Empire. Lepidus Marc Antony Octavian

24. ANCIENT ROMAN HISTORY – THE EMPIRE Second Triumvirate Formed 43 BC 31 BC Rule of Augustus Caesar Begins 27 BC Establishment of the Empire 1 AD Birth of Jesus 14 AD Death of Augustus Pax Romana Crucifixion of Jesus 30 AD End of Pax Romana 180 AD The Empire Division of the Empire 284 AD Establishment of Constantinople 330 AD The Decline Christianity Becomes Official Religion 380 AD Fall of Western Roman Empire 476 AD