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Rome:

Rome:. From Republic to Empire. Location of Rome. Italian Peninsula ( Italy today) Centrally located on the Mediterranean Sea Distant from Eastern Mediterranean Powers. Alps and Mediterranean Sea. Protected Rome from invasion. Trade.

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Rome:

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  1. Rome: From Republic to Empire

  2. Location of Rome • Italian Peninsula (Italy today) • Centrally located on the Mediterranean Sea • Distant from Eastern Mediterranean Powers

  3. Alps and Mediterranean Sea • Protected Rome from invasion

  4. Trade • Rome prospered due to trade on the Mediterranean Sea

  5. Copy Cats! • The Romans based their religion on Greek Mythology • They were also polytheistic • Many of the gods/goddesses were the same, but the Romans changed their names • The gods explained human qualities and life events

  6. Roman Gods Based on Greek Gods • Jupiter (Zeus): Chief god • Juno (Hera): Goddess of marriage; wife of Zeus • Apollo: God of light, the sun and music • Diana (Artemis): Goddess of hunting and wild things • Venus (Aphrodite): Goddess of love • Minerva (Athena): Goddess of wisdom and war

  7. Roman Republic • Republic: rule by the people(re=by, public=people) • Representative democracy: legislators (representatives) are elected by the citizens to represent their interests

  8. Roman Citizens (3) • Paid taxes • Men had the right to vote • Men had to serve in the military

  9. Patricians • Land-owners of noble Latin birth “Patricia is a rich snob”

  10. Plebeians • Majority of Romans: common people • Artisans, shopkeepers, and small farmers

  11. Slaves • The property of their owners • Were taken by conquest • Had no freedom or rights

  12. The Assemblies More democratic, but less powerful than the senate • CenturiateAssembly: consisted of all citizen-soldiers; controlled by Patricians. • Tribal Assembly: elected tribunes and made laws for the plebeians and later for the whole republic.

  13. The Senate The most powerful lawmaking body in Rome • 300 members were chosen (for life) from the Patrician class • Later plebeians were allowed to join

  14. Consuls • Two officials elected to command the army and direct the government • Served for a one-year term. • One consul could always veto (overrule) the other’s decisions.

  15. Dictator One whose word was law • In a times of crisis, a dictator would be given absolute power to command the army and make laws • A dictator’s power lasted for only six months

  16. Twelve Tables Laws carved on tablets and hung in the forum • Gave all free citizens a right to the protection of the law. • Established ideas seen in modern laws such as the principle of innocent until proven guilty.

  17. Punic Wars • 264 to 146 BC • 3 wars fought between Rome and Carthage Hannibal: General of Carthage

  18. Carthage • Trading empire located in North Africa (present-day Tunisia) • Rival of Rome for control of trade on the Mediterranean

  19. The First Punic War • Fought over Sicily for 23 years • Carthage lost • This was Rome’s first province

  20. Second Punic War • Carthage was led by HANNIBAL a brilliant general. • He used 50,000 men, 9,000 cavalry and 60 elephants. • To surprise Rome he went through the Alps

  21. The Second Punic War • For 10 years he pillaged northern Italy • Finally a Roman general name SCIPIO defeated Hannibal.

  22. The Third Punic War • By this time, Carthage was no longer a threat. • Catoan influential senator reminded them of the terror Hannibal laid on Italy. • Romans destroy Carthage and sold all of Carthaginians into slavery!

  23. Results of the Punic Wars • Hannibal was defeated when Rome attacked Carthage • Rome destroyed Carthage • Increased trade brought great wealth to Rome

  24. Growth of Rome • Following the Punic wars, Rome grew rapidly, taking control of the Mediterranean basin (including Greece and the Hellenistic world of the Eastern Mediterranean, North Africa, and Spain).

  25. Spread of Slavery • Romans made slaves of captured peoples during the wars and conquests which followed • By 100 BC slaves made up one-third of Rome’s population Roman Slave Collar

  26. Expansion and Wealth Creates Problems • The spread of slavery caused small farmers (former soldiers) to lose their land. • The influx of wealth caused prices to rise (inflation)

  27. Unemployment Loss of jobs • Landless former farmer-soldiers flocked into the into cities looking for jobs and joined the ranks of the restless urban poor (25% of the population) The gap between the rich and the poor widened

  28. Decline of the Republic The end of Rome’s democratic government • Civil wars erupted due to class conflicts and rivalries between politician-generals • Another civil war erupted over the power of Julius Caesar

  29. The First Triumvirate • Three rulers who joined forces to take power from the senate and dominate Rome. Caesar CrassusPompey

  30. Julius Caesar • He conquered Gaul (France today) • He had the support of the masses and the army

  31. Julius Caesar as Dictator • Caesar went to war with Pompey and won • He returned to Rome with his army and forced the senate to make him dictator for life.

  32. Julius Caesar is Assassinated • A group of senators stabbed Julius Caesar to death in the senate chamber

  33. More Civil Wars • After Julius Caesar’s death civil war erupted • Octavian (Augustus) joined forces with Mark Anthony and Lepidus and together they took control of Rome for ten years. • They became the 2nd Triumvirate

  34. Octavian vs. Marc Anthony • Civil war erupted again between Octavian and Mark Anthony • Octavian won. Octavian (Augustus) Anthony and Cleopatra

  35. Augustus Caesar • Octavian assumed absolute power and accepted the title “Augustus” • Rome became an empire ruled by an emperor (no longer a republic).

  36. The PaxRomana • Two hundred years of peace and prosperity established by the rule of Augustus (pax = peace, Romana = Roman) • The Roman Empire continued to expand and solidify

  37. Roman Empire • By the end of the second century, the Roman Empire stretched from Spain to Mesopotamia, and from North Africa to Great Britain.

  38. Economic Impact • Augustus established a uniform system of money helping to expand trade. • It was safe to travel and trade on Roman roads.

  39. Social Impact • Augustus returned stability to the social classes • Increased emphasis on the family

  40. Political Impact • Augustus created a civil service: He paid workers to manage the affairs of government (postal system, tax collection, etc.) • He developed a uniform rule of law

  41. Problems With Succession Selection of the next emperor • Because Rome had no written law for choosing a new emperor, crisis or civil war could occur when an emperor died.

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