1. Universal and Accessible Design for Products, Services, and Processes Chapter9 Flexible 김희진

2. Contents • Chapter goals • Flexible • Principle • Discussion • Strategies • A design challenge • Conclusions

3. Chapter goals • State the flexible universal design principle and strategies • Discuss the relationship between flexibility and assistive technology • Explore the design trade-offs between flexibility and complexity

4. Flexible Design products, systems, and environments with enough flexibility so that they can be used and experienced by people of all abilities, to the greatest extent possible, without adaptations. Principle Discussion Flexibility Complexity Performance Cost Flexibility result from • Multiple choices • Adjustability • Assistive technologies(ATs) compatibility

5. Design strategies Strategy 12: Provide the user with choices Strategy 12.1: Provide the user with a choice of language(English, French, etc.) Strategy 12.2: Provide the user with a choice of mode for communication Strategy 12.3: Ensure compatibility with appropriate assistive technology Strategy 13: Provide adjustability and mobility Strategy 13.1: Provide ergonomic and environmental adjustability Strategy 13.2: Provide perceptual adjustability Strategy 13.3: Provide adjustable response times Strategy 14: Build flexibility into service delivery systems and work processes

6. Strategy 12: Provide the user with choices • Strategy 12.1: Provide the user with a choice of language(English, French, etc.) Allow users to select the language of choice • Global markets are forcing not only multinational corporations but everyone doing business globally to be responsive to the languages used to present a product or service • Ex_1) The European Union(EU) website ( http://europa.eu/index_en.htm ) • Ex_2) Operating instructions of Electronic and information technology product • At least 3~4 languages • Agilent’s Quick Help system provide help message in 11 languages

7. Strategy 12: Provide the user with choices • Strategy 12.2: Provide the user with a choice of mode for communication Allow users to select the mode of interaction: visual, auditory, Braille, sign language, etc. • Examples • Television sets have the option of displaying captioning • Computers are starting to offer text-to-voice programs as part of their standard package • Use of signing avatar (animated figures that provide sign language presentations of information ) • Voice recognition • Growing demand for “hands-free mobile phone” operation • UK has legislation requiring hands-free mobile phone operations for driver • A number of companies are selling Bluetooth voice recognition kits for hands-free use Using voice recognition provides benefits to both non-impaired (hands-free phone use while driving) and impaired users (access to phone service)

8. Strategy 12: Provide the user with choices • Strategy 12.3: Ensure compatibility with appropriate assistive technology(AT) Ensure that appropriate ATs can be effectively used with the designed entity • Controversial issues • Who is responsible for ensuring the compatibility? • the designer & manufacturer of products and services ? • the designer and manufacturer of the assistive technology? • Who must change their design so as to avoid interference? • ATIA (The Assistive Technology Industry Association) • ATIA is a trade association of the manufacturers and suppliers of assistive technology. • Address legally mandated compatibility requirements • The longer-term issues of compatibility across all products and services, whether covered by legal mandates or not • http://www.atia.org/

9. Strategy 13: Provide adjustability and mobility • Strategy 13.1: Provide ergonomic and environmental adjustability Allow users to adjust the entity to their individual environmental preferences and body size and shape • Car • Adjustable seats, steering wheels, floor pedal positioning, and mirror positions • The driver can select either a digital display or an analog display for speed, temperature, pressure, etc. • Housing • Flexible layout • Providing multiple options for use of space and an infrastructure that supports quick and easy accommodations • Home automation • Allowing disabled people to remain as independent as possible • Reducing disabling pressures of the environments

10. Strategy 13: Provide adjustability and mobility • Strategy 13.2: Provide perceptual adjustability The designed entity should allow users to adjust signals for their own sensory needs • Strategy 13.3: Provide adjustable response times If possible and reasonable, allow users to determines their own response times to product or process queries and control functions • Sticky Key • It provide a way to perform simultaneous key operations sequentially rather than together • People who can only type with one hand, or use a mouth-stick, head pointer, or eye-gaze system for keyboard access find this a valuable options • Double-click speed • Computer users can adjust the “double-click speed” of a mouse

11. Strategy 14: Build flexibility into services • Strategy 14: Build flexibility into service delivery systems and work processes Services provided to consumers must provide flexibility along several dimensions

12. A design challenge • Flexibility vs. Complexity • The need to provide affordances, mapping, and feedback so as to inform the user • Ex) Designing HDTV • What languages and how many languages do we utilize? • Communicating all options to the consumer • Flexibility vs. errors • Many Human factor options • Accessibility: standard volume, brightness, closed captioning • Preference : screen format from full, wide, zoom, zoom-wide

13. Conclusions • Flexibility increases the likelihood that the designed entity will be used and experienced by the greatest number of people to the greatest extent possible, without adaptations. • Providing choices and adjustability(including compatibility with assistive technology) are the most fundamental strategies for achieving flexibility • Flexibility can be considered a double-edged sword • Flexibility can enhance human functioning and performance from the ergonomic, perceptual, and cognitive perspective • But complexity

14. Case- Flexible layout • House & office • Loft layout http://coolboom.net/en/2007/10/19/house-and-office-by-nu-architectuuratelier/ http://www.dbarchitect.com/project_detail/82/601%20Fourth%20Street%20Lofts.html