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The end of Hoover

The end of Hoover. The Bonus March July 1932. Election 1932. Hoover and Roosevelt. Franklin Roosevelt, 1933. Franklin D. Roosevelt. A Patrician in Government From a an old, wealthy family Married a cousin Eleanor Roosevelt Contracted polio in 1921 The Making of a Politician

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The end of Hoover

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  1. The end of Hoover • The Bonus March • July 1932

  2. Election 1932

  3. Hoover and Roosevelt

  4. Franklin Roosevelt, 1933

  5. Franklin D. Roosevelt • A Patrician in Government • From a an old, wealthy family • Married a cousin Eleanor Roosevelt • Contracted polio in 1921 • The Making of a Politician • Assistant Secretary of the Navy under Woodrow Wilson • Governor of New York 1928 • The Election of 1932 • Campaigned to give “a new deal to the American people.” • A new coalition of farmers, factory workers, and immigrants • Won by a large margin • “fireside chats”

  6. The “New Deal” OBJECTIVES • RELIEFfor the poor and unemployed • RECOVERYfor the economy • REFORMgovernment and banking systems to avert future economic disasters

  7. Guiding Ideas of New Deal • 1. Capitalist solutions to problems (not socialist or communist) • 2. Attempt to achieve a balance between consumption and production • 3. Government programs to counterbalance power of huge corporations • 4. Allow working people a bigger share in economy

  8. Who? • The New Dealers • Harry Hopkins • Frances Perkins • Eleanor Roosevelt • Mary McLeod Bethune

  9. Harry Hopkins (right)

  10. Frances Perkins

  11. Frances Perkins (left)

  12. Mary McLeod Bethune receiving a YWCA award

  13. Bethune in office at Bethune-Cookman College

  14. Banking and Finance Reform • Emergency Banking Act created during “bank holiday”: four days where banks were closed for reorganization • FDIC: the government to insure bank deposits • SEC: Securities and Exchange Commission to prevent fraud and insider trading in the stock market

  15. Relief and Conservation Programs • FERA: Federal Emergency Relief Act • Civilian Conservation Corps • For example Hoover Dam • TVA

  16. Agricultural Initiatives • AAA: Agricultural Adjustment Act • “While millions of Americans went to bed hungry, farmers slaughtered millions of cattle, hogs, sheep, and other livestock and destroyed millions of acres of crops in order to qualify for their allotment payments.” • FCA: Farm Credit Act • Helped farmers to avoid foreclosure

  17. Industrial Recovery • NIRA: National Industrial Recovery Act • NRA: National Recovery Act • A sort of “peace” offering by Roosevelt to business, asking them to monitor themselves to curtail competition and agree to collective bargaining. • Supreme Court ruled it unconstitutional for taking powers reserved to Congress

  18. From the Right: Resistance to Business Reform; said reforms were too radical U.S. Chamber of Commerce National Association of Manufacturers Casualties in the Countryside Politics on the Fringes Opposition to the New Deal from the right and the left

  19. From the Left Socialists and Communists Father Charles Coughlin Dr. Francis Townsend Huey Long, Governor of Louisiana Upton Sinclair, candidate for Governor of California

  20. Father Charles Coughlin

  21. Doctor Townsend

  22. Social Security

  23. What is it? • The Social Security Act required that pensions for the elderly be funded not by direct government payments, but instead by tax contributions from workers and employers. • For the first time in the nation’s history, millions of ordinary citizens were numbered, registered, and identified by the government, creating a link between the individual and the government. • First check not issued until 1940.

  24. Toward a Welfare State • Relief for the Unemployed • Empowering Labor • Social Security and Tax Reform • Neglected Americans and the New Deal

  25. The New Deal from Victory to Deadlock • The Election of 1936 • Court Packing • Reaction and Recession • The Last of the New Deal Reforms

  26. TVA

  27. Tennessee Valley Authority landscape

  28. TVA

  29. Worker, TVA

  30. Mrs. Roosevelt during the war

  31. Farm wife

  32. Mass meetings

  33. Demonstration S.F. City Hall, WPA

  34. In California from Dust Bowl

  35. In California from Dust Bowl

  36. Upton Sinclair

  37. Workers, Hoover Dam

  38. Successes of the New Deal • Social Security • Labor’s right to organize • Stabilization of agriculture and its markets • Did not abandon democracy for socialism or communism • Retained American capitalist system

  39. Failures of the New Deal • Relief, recovery, and reform left many people out • Depression not fundamentally remedied • Did not address the shortcomings of capitalism • Two of its programs deemed unconstitutional by the Supreme Court: the NRA and the AAA

  40. Firsts of the New Deal • First woman cabinet member: Frances Perkins, Secretary of Labor • First Labor Relations Law: The Wagner Act 1934, the so-called “Magna Carta” for labor • First president to advocate protection for the elderly • First national registration of ordinary citizens with the government • First black woman to head a federal agency: Mary McLeod Bethune in the National Youth Administration • First federal housing law: National Housing Act, 1937, for decent urban housing

  41. Dust Bowl

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